STARTING STRONG

1.1 Predictors of fathers’ mental health in early parenthood: A living systematic review 

Jacqui Macdonald, SEED Lifespan, School of Psychology, Deakin University; Ebony J Biden, SEED Lifespan, School of Psychology, Deakin University; Kayla Mansour, SEED Lifespan, School of Psychology, Deakin University; Oliver Cotchin, School of Psychology, Deakin University; Dr Farwa Rizvi, SEED Lifespan, School of Psychology, Deakin University; Marlena Leslie, SEED Lifespan, School of Psychology ,Deakin University, Rachel Watkins, School of Psychology, Deakin University; Lauren M Francis, SEED Lifespan, School of Psychology, Deakin University 

Background and aims: Longitudinal research increasingly links paternal mental health problems in early parenthood to factors in a father’s life course before children are born or conceived. Such studies can highlight targets for prevention of mental health problems, yet this evidence is yet to be synthesised. Our aim was to undertake the first systematic review and meta-analysis of preconception and prenatal predictors of fathers’ mental health in early parenthood. We present findings from our review and announce it as the inaugural ‘living’ review in a world-first ‘Fatherhood Living Knowledge Bank’. 

Method: The review was pre-registered and conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. We searched Embase, Medline Complete, CINAHL and PsycINFO for studies reporting any prospectively assessed preconception or pregnancy exposure and associations with paternal mental health problems up to 5 years postpartum. Screening was conducted on LitQuest, an AI assisted web-based platform that can expedite and facilitate ‘living’ reviews. On writing this abstract, 60% of data were extracted. Meta-analyses are planned, using univariate random effects models, along with sub-group investigations of differences by father type (biological/other), age, parity, country income classification, study quality, and level of statistical adjustment.  

 Results: 128 articles were included. Evidence suggests continuity of men’s symptoms of anxiety and depression from preconception or pregnancy to postpartum. A small number of studies report on predictors of other mental health problems including psychological distress, post-traumatic stress, suicide and self-harm, alcohol or substance misuse, anger and aggression. Key predictors and meta-analytic estimates of effects will be presented. 

Conclusions and implications: This review is the principal evidence base informing the development of Australian Preconception Paternal Mental Healthcare Guidelines. Further, with this review, we launch the ‘Fatherhood Living Knowledge Bank’, an initiative made possible by AI advances, designed to ensure a pipeline of up-to-date evidence on all aspects of fatherhood. 

1.2 Insights into men’s perinatal mental health 

Julie Borninkhof, Perinatal Anxiety & Depression Australia – PANDA 

In 2023-2024, 8% of callers to PANDA were male, a figure which has been relatively steady over the last 5 years even with increases in awareness, mental health literacy and campaigns by PANDA and similar organisations. According to research, approximately 10% of fathers experience anxiety and/or depression during pregnancy or after the birth of a child.  

The disparity in figures shows there is a need to focus efforts on supporting dads and promoting services available to dads in the perinatal period. It is vital that the mental health of fathers is supported for their own wellbeing, and as a protective factor against the development of maternal perinatal mental health issues. 

 In this presentation, PANDA will share insights from the National Perinatal Helpline and out mental health checklist, supplemented by lived experience contributions from dads. 

1.3 Neonatal fathers’ point of view: barriers and enablers for a successful early engagement 

Matthew Buckingham, Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand; Suzy Hodgson, Ara institute of Canterbury 

Background and Aims: Fathers and non-birthing partners are an underutilised and under-appreciated resource. Previous studies have shown that this group often feel ignored and more likely to disengage with the medical team looking after their baby which leads to less favourable outcomes for the child’s future wellbeing. There is a paucity of data around this subject in New Zealand and Australia and minimal published work from neonatal researchers. We aimed to capture qualitative data from fathers with lived experience on a neonatal unit to help improve their engagement as well as their babies’ psychosocial and developmental outcomes. 

Methods: An electronic survey QR code was scanned by the participants during their stay in the neonatal unit in Christchurch hospital, New Zealand as well as through the neonatal charity Little Miracles social media sites. Data was analysed by qualitative method and themes were identified. Ethics approval was submitted to HDEC and research locality approval as well as Māori consultation sought. 

Results: 37 participants filled in the surveys. Many participants highlighted anxiety and post traumatic symptoms following witnessing their baby’s resuscitation. Participants indicated that they would like to have access to more father-specific information and support tools as well as a clinical debriefing on admission to the neonatal unit. Cited barriers to a more positive experience were both physical and psychological. 

Conclusions: Fathers of babies admitted to the neonatal unit describe common themes when asked to describe their experiences including a loss of autonomy, poor communication from the neonatal staff as well as feeling as a ‘second-tier’ parent when compared to the mother. More father-specific information and engagement strategies are needed to better communicate and utilise their unique and important role in their baby’s emotional and physical wellbeing. 

1.4 Reimagining perinatal care: Best practice principles for fathers, non-birthing parents and families 

Alka Kothari, Queensland Health, The University of Queensland 

Background/Aims: Despite their crucial role, fathers, partners, and non-birthing parents are often excluded from perinatal services. This project aims to address this gap by co-designing Best Practice Principles for providing compassionate and holistic support to families following traumatic pregnancy and birth experiences. 

 Methods : Two reference groups were established: the Consumer Reference Group, comprising fathers, partners, and non-birthing parents from diverse backgrounds, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families, CALD communities, LGBTQIA+ individuals, and neurodivergent and disabled groups; and the Professional Reference Group, composed of multi-disciplinary specialists, craft groups and representatives from national organisations such as Red Nose and PANDA. A collaborative co-design process, driven by consumers, was facilitated through sense-making workshops to generate data and identify key themes to improve engagement and care of birthing families. These findings were further refined and validated through multiple national online sense-checking workshops and individual consumer group focus groups. 

Results: The co-design process identified 24 initial themes, further distilled into four final Practice Domains and multiple Best Practice Principles. These principles, along with policy and practice recommendations, aim to promote the active participation of fathers, partners, and non-birthing parents in perinatal care, ensuring their well-being through compassionate engagement, equitable access to services, and trauma-informed, culturally competent support across education, mental health, and healthcare systems. 

Conclusion/ Implications: The co-design process highlights a strong need of fathers, partners and non-birthing parents for authentic and inclusive engagement, policy and legislative reform, flexible learning opportunities, and mental health screening. Building on the Best Practice Principles, the next phase of the project will focus on developing compassion-based educational strategies, including self-compassion training for fathers, partners, parents, and healthcare providers in perinatal care. The research will inform national policy and practice, advocating for a systemic shift toward trauma-informed, culturally competent, and inclusive support within healthcare systems. 

1.5 NICU dads in New Zealand 

Gabriela Bantas, Ara Institute of Canterbury; John Whithington, Ara Institute of Canterbury; Rebecca O' Callaghan, Ara Institute of Canterbury; Matthew Buckingham, Te Whatu Ora; Roxanne Will, Ara Institute of Canterbury; Michelle Thompson, Ara Institute of Canterbury 

Background & Aims: Transitions to parenthood in the context of Neonatal Intensive Care (NICU) is often accompanied by experiences of birth trauma, unwell mothers and fathers frequently navigating healthcare spaces alone, initially at least.  Becoming a father can be complex and the usual parenting stress is amplified when a baby requires NICU care for whatever reason.  Few studies of fathers’ experiences in NICU have been conducted in New Zealand. Those which exist provide minimal insight into the specific experiences of fathers navigating their baby’s admission. The unique bi-cultural landscape of New Zealand coupled with increased immigration, suggests that whilst previous studies may be transferrable to the New Zealand context, exploring this phenomenon locally would provide a unique insight into fathers’ experiences of NICU and provide a relatively novel evidence base for those working with families across the country. The aim is therefore to explore the experiences of new fathers with an infant currently in NICU or who have had an infant admitted to NICU in the past 6 months. 

Method: A qualitative study underpinned by interpretivist methodology will be undertaken using qualitative interviews and a qualitative questionnaire. Recruitment will take place both locally and nationally via purposive sampling aided by practice partners and targeted social media strategies.  

Results: Qualitative data will be analysed using reflexive thematic analysis to construct themes which authentically reflect fathers’ experiences of their transitions to fatherhood when they have a baby in NICU.   

Conclusion & Implications: The findings will provide a contemporary evidence base for healthcare providers whose role is to care for infants and support new parents during this time both locally and nationally. It will be of interest to other researchers exploring experiences of NICU in similar contexts to Aotearoa New Zealand. 

1.6 Supporting fathers in the NICU: Exploring the perspectives of families, healthcare providers and community organisations 

Ezra Kneebone, The Kids Research Institute Australia; Lynne Millar, The Kids Research Institute Australia ; Thomas Nevill, The Kids Research Institute Australia; Vincent O. Mancini, The Kids Research Institute Australia 

Background & Aims: Research shows improved outcomes for preterm babies and their families when fathers are involved and supported in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Hospital policies and procedures have long supported mothers of NICU babies; however, effective and sustainable support for fathers has yet to be achieved. This study draws upon the perspectives of lived-experience and subject-matter experts to identify strategies to support the involvement and wellbeing of fathers in the NICU. This study is the first in a broader project which aims to implement a community led intervention for fathers in Western Australian NICUs, entitled ‘NICU Dads’. 

Method: Two in-person workshops will be held with each participant group: (1) lived-experience experts (fathers and other family members of NICU babies) and (2) subject-matter experts (NICU healthcare providers and representatives of community organisations that provide support to NICU families). Each group will include approximately 15 participants. The workshops will follow a Group Model Building design. The first workshop will generate a ‘Causal Loop Diagram’ - a visual representation of the factors and connections influencing the involvement and wellbeing of fathers in the NICU. The second workshop will focus on identifying and prioritising action ideas in response to the Casual Loop Diagram. The workshops are scheduled for February 2025.  

Results: The results will be available in March 2025. The action ideas generated in the second workshop will produce a set of recommendations for families, healthcare providers and policy-makers to better support the involvement and wellbeing of fathers in the NICU. The Causal Loop Diagram will further produce a description of the barriers and facilitators to effectively action these recommendations. 

Conclusion & Implications: These findings will directly inform the development of the NICU Dads intervention, filling an important gap in existing parental support services for NICU families. 

1.7 Baby-brain, a subjective phenomenon commonto fathers as well as mothers? 

M. Navyaan Siddiqui, Monash University; Sharna Jamadar, Monash University; Kelsey Perrykkad, Centre for Women’s and Children’s Mental Health; Edwine Orchard, Yale University 

Background & Aims: Becoming a parent is a life transition marked by several complex bio-psycho-social challenges. It is often thought to have adverse consequences in various cognitive domains, such as memory, leading to a stigma know as ‘baby-brain’. Previous literature investigating whether such cognitive decrements are observed postpartum has yielded inconsistent results. There is also a scarcity of research examining whether these cognitive changes are observed in non-birthgiving parents such as fathers. Here we examine cognitive changes in birthgiving mothers and non-birthgiving fathers up to two years postpartum, as well as comparing performance with non-parents.  

Method: Four hundred participants (300 parents and 100 non-parents) completed an online questionnaire along with a cognitive battery assessing executive function, processing speed, verbal and working memory. Bayesian analyses of variance were conducted on the data. 

Results: Results showed that both fathers and birthgiving mothers showed similar performance to non-parent controls on all objective cognition measures. While there were differences in subjective memory, the effect was driven by better self-reported memory in non-parent males compared to all other groups. Additionally, there were no significant differences in performance between mothers and fathers on any cognitive task, and there was no discernible effect of time postpartum. 

Conclusion & Implications: Therefore, these results challenge the societal ‘baby-brain’ stereotype by positioning cognitive changes as a potentially subjective perception due to the caregiving environment rather than being exclusive to the neuroendocrine influences related to giving birth. They align with the purported shift in role of fathers, with greater involvement in caregiving and on an emotional basis. It also has potential implications for driving more support for fathers during the transition to parenthood. 

PROGRAMS AND SERVICES FOR FATHERS

2.1 Engaging fathers in a parenting service: Tresillian's Circle of Security Parenting group for dads 

Wayne Bryce, Tresillian; Anne-Marie Maxwell, Tresillian; Alison Wallbank, Tresillian 

Background/Aims: Tresillian is Australia’s largest early parenting support organisation, providing a range of services to address early parenting and attachment difficulties since 1918. Tresillian has a strong history of leading innovative practices that enhance parental confidence, promoting the emotional wellbeing of infants and young children. Throughout Tresillian’s history, most clients have been mothers and female carers. Since 2015, Tresillian has offered bi-weekly groups outside business hours for dads whose children are admitted to a residential unit. However, this is a one-time-only session for support and psychoeducation and is not available to fathers accessing other Tresillian services. Parenting group programs, which typically run for several weeks with structured content, have been offered exclusively during business hours, making it challenging for many fathers to participate. Tresillian is committed to improving the inclusion of fathers in our service. 

Description: Tresillian has adopted the internationally recognised Circle of Security Parenting (COS-P) program, a relationship-based approach to parenting, as one of its therapeutic group offerings for families. In 2022 a father-specific COS-P group was introduced at Tresillian, with male and female co-facilitators. This presentation will explore the success of this program and how it complements the family-centred care provided at Tresillian at a time when family dynamics and societal expectations of fathers have changed. 

Impact: 92 fathers have attended the 11 COS-P dads groups completed since February 2022. Qualitative data collected anonymously demonstrates fathers’ increased ability to understand, reflect on, and respond to both their children and their own emotions. Participating fathers overwhelmingly appreciated having both a male and a female facilitator, valuing the warm, safe, and supportive environment this creates. In the words of one father, “it is essential”. Fathers were keen to share their newfound knowledge with their partners. Feedback to date highlights the program’s effectiveness in supporting fathers in their parenting journey. 

2.2 The Dad Space at The Discovery Space 

Amy Hofmeier, Early Start, University of Wollongong; Jane Herbert, Early Start and School of Psychology, University of Wollongong; Liam Buckley, Early Start, University of Wollongong ; Josef English, Early Start, University of Wollongong ; Grant Strongman, Early Start, University of Wollongong ; Sally Robson, Early Start, University of Wollongong 

Background & Aim:  Fathers play a critical role in child development but there is a lack of social support and resources to help men develop skills and confidence in parenting.  Fathers also fail to engage with programs and services that use more gender-neutral terms like “parenting” (e.g., Leach et al., 2018). Our aim was to determine the feasibility of offering a weekly support program directed towards fathers of young children (birth to 5 years) in the Illawarra, NSW.    

Description: The Dad Space at the Discovery Space, was a weekly program offered in the University of Wollongong’s children’s museum; the Early Start Discovery Space. The 9-week pilot program was advertised as providing the opportunity for fathers and father-figures to engage in play-based activities with their children, talk with experts in child development and play, and meet other fathers to share parenting experiences. Session topics were influenced by Palkovitz’s (1997) framework of paternal involvement and encompassed the ways fathers could support their child’s cognitive, behavioural, and emotional growth. Session content was developed weekly by the researchers and Discovery Space Program Partners, informed by suggestions from attending fathers.  

Impact: By week 7 over 50 Dads had connected with the program, with attendance growing from 2 dyads at launch to 15 dyads in our largest session. Child age ranged from 4mths to 5yrs. Informal father feedback indicated primary motivation for attendance was to engage in meaningful activities and gain practical ideas for development-focused activities at home. Some fathers also referred to the importance of having a father-focused group, sharing experiences of feeling like an outsider in mother-dominated parenting groups. We argue that a program focused on supporting father-child interactions offered in a play location is feasible and well-accepted. An evaluation of the program's impact on parent-child relationships, parenting self-efficacy, and well-being is warranted.  

2.3 Exploring the experiences of fathers who lead school dads’ groups 

Thomas Nevill, The Kids Research Insitute Australia; Vincent Mancini, The Kids Research Institute Australia 

Background and aims: Past research suggests that fathers are underrepresented in traditional parenting programs compared to mothers. One promising method to deliver support is a peer-facilitated approach that enables fathers to connect with their peers. This model has been adopted by several community organisations in Australia. However, limited research evaluates the implementation and impact of these services. This study aimed to investigate the implementation and impact of The Fathering Project’s peer-facilitated School Dads Group program from the perspective of fathers who lead these groups.   

Method: In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 Australian fathers who lead School Dads groups. Using interpretative description methodology, we sought to understand how these leaders approached implementing School Dads Groups, and their perception of how participation in these groups impacts their members. 

Results: Key findings of the thematic analysis revealed that leaders felt the key goal and benefit of participating in a School Dads Group is to build closer relationships between fathers and their children. While participants were committed to facilitating peer support, they also recognised potential barriers that prevent translating this into practice, including difficulties maintaining attendance.  

Conclusions and implications: The study's findings uncover the main motivations for peer facilitators, crucial for the expansion and success of community-based programs. Additionally, identifying obstacles that hinder fathers from participating offers practical guidance for enhancing fathers' involvement in support programs. 

2.4 Parenting in partnership: Supporting dads through a steppedcare approach 

Mathew Aquilina, Gidget Foundation Australia; Erin Seeto, Gidget Foundation Australia; Katie Peterson, Gidget Foundation Australia; Felicity Chandler, Gidget Foundation Australia 

Background/Aims: The transition to parenthood is filled with excitement and uncertainty. For fathers, this new role can be challenging as they balance personal, financial, and relationship changes. Research emphasises the need for programs that engage fathers in a supportive and informed way (Pleck, 2010). Targeted interventions for fathers in the perinatal period may be significant in improving fathers’ wellbeing though further research is needed in this area (Rayburn & Coatsworth 2021; Wynter et al., 2024). A growing body of literature on the role of peer support for fathers encourages a peer-based model of care (Thomson-Salo et al., 2017; Leahy-Warren et al., 2022). Gidget Foundation Australia’s Parenting in Partnership program is a unique blend of peer and clinician support to help fathers thrive during early parenthood.  

Description: Parenting in Partnership is a six-week program for fathers, with two-hour online sessions. An experienced perinatal clinician helps new fathers to explore their feelings around becoming a new parent, and strategies for coping with emotional and relational changes. Topics include understanding the impact of babies on the family unit, managing relationship changes and conflicts with partners, coping with stress, and parenting from an attachment perspective.   

Impact: Participants reported increased understanding of their family dynamics, improved communication and coping, and improved relationship satisfaction. Qualitative data identified the group as a source of connection and reassurance, with shared experiences providing validation. Participants noted the role of the group in improving their communication, knowing “when to step up,” and giving them greater confidence to be actively involved fathers. Participants identified benefits from clinician facilitation, describing the safety and connection created. Since 2022, Parenting in Partnership has had 59 participants over 36 sessions, and an average retention rate of 80% indicating promise as a model of care.   

2.5 Fathers and smartphone technology: A qualitative study ofthe practicality of the My Baby Now app for fathers by fathers 

Mathew Gaynor, Deakin University; Karen Wynter, Monash University; Kidane Gebremariam, Deakin University; Kylie Hesketh, Deakin University; Rachel Laws, Deakin University 

Background and Aims: Evolving societal trends are resulting in fathers having an increasing influence on the health-related behaviours that children develop. Research indicates most fathers are committed to their role and when equipped with knowledge, can have a positive impact on their child’s health. However, parenting resources typically target mothers. While evolving mobile phone technology is an efficient way to deliver parenting resources, little is known about how fathers engage with mobile health (mHealth) and parenting apps. This study aims to explore how to make parenting apps more engaging and useful for fathers using an existing parenting app; the My Baby Now app (MBN), as a case study.  

Methods: A qualitative study design was used, comprising either focus groups or interviews with fathers. Recorded focus groups/ interviews were transcribed verbatim, then coded using a combination of deductive and inductive methods. Reflexive thematic analysis was undertaken to identify patterns and themes.  

Results: Fourteen, purposefully selected, Australian fathers of 7-months to 5-year-old children participated. Current generic parenting apps, such as MBN can provide parenting information that is not engaging. To improve paternal engagement with mHealth resources, fathers highlighted the need for father specific information, with an increase in positive imagery and descriptions of fathers in their parenting role. Fathers recommended father exclusive domains such as forums and also push notifications to provide positive reinforcement and encouragement for fathers.      

Conclusion and implications: MHealth and app technology provide an important avenue for reaching fathers but need to be tailored for fathers’ needs. By providing relevant and understandable parenting information, apps can reduce the risk of fathers being frustrated and isolated in their parenting roles. Further research is needed to understand possible differences in app usage by fathers of differing socio-economic position (SEP), cultural backgrounds and family status, including single fathers and same sex couples. 

FATHERS’ MENTAL HEALTH AND WELLBEING

3.1 Online cognitive behavioural therapy for paternal postnatal depression: DadBooster development and evaluation 

Jennifer Ericksen, Parent Infant Research Institute; Jeannette Milgrom Parent Infant Research Institute; Charlene Holt, Parent Infant Research Institute; Allan Gemmill, Parent Infant Research Institute; Aisha Brydon, Parent Infant Research Institute 

Background & Aims: One in ten new fathers suffers debilitating symptoms of depression; double the prevalence of men in the general population. Paternal depression has a serious impact on men's lives, on their partners and babies. Online programs provide accessible, convenient and private treatment. There are currently no evidence-based e-treatment programs for paternal postnatal depression. This study aimed to codesign and evaluate DadBooster, an online interactive treatment program, with depressed new fathers.    

Method: DadBooster was designed to replicate best-practice face-to-face cognitive behavioural therapy, developed using components of our evidence-based online MumMoodBooster program for postnatal depression in women together with consumer feedback from fathers. We evaluated DadBooster in a randomised controlled trial with fathers (baby aged <1 year) meeting clinical diagnostic criteria for a depressive disorder (n=50) at clinical interview (SCID) recruited from social media and referral. Participants were randomly allocated to DadBooster (n=25) or waitlist (n=25). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), Parenting Self Efficacy Scale (PSOC) and Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) were administered before and after treatment. Data were analysed using ANCOVA.  

Results: Over 300 fathers registered. DadBooster participants showed significant reductions in depression symptoms, with scores reducing to the “normal” range compared with control participants who scored in the “moderate depression” range at 12-week follow-up (very large effect size). This represented a 75% reduction in depression scores for DadBooster participants. DadBooster participants also scored significantly lower in stress and negative thinking and higher in parenting self-efficacy than controls. Feedback was positive, with high user engagement (80% visited ≥4 of the 6 DadBooster sessions), and there was minimal loss to follow-up.  

Conclusion & Implications: This study provided robust, gold-standard evidence of DadBooster's efficacy in treating paternal postnatal depression. The large number of fathers registering to participate highlighted the consumer demand for this program and the accessible delivery model.    

3.2 Latent profiles of masculine norm adherence in a communitysample of fathers: Associations with mental health and parent-child relationship quality 

Vincent Mancini, The Kids Research Institute Australia; Jack Brett, The Kids Research Institute Australia; Thom Nevill, The Kids Research Institute Australia; Jasleen Chhabra, Movember; The University of Melbourne; Peter Fisher, Movember; Zac Seidler Movember; The University of Melbourne 

Background & Aims: Fatherhood is a unique time in a man’s life that is often accompanied by the reconfiguration of masculine identity. Masculine norm adherence is known to shape men’s mental health and wellbeing; these norms may also shape fathers’ relationships with their children. This study explored the link between fathers’ masculine norm adherence, their mental health and wellbeing (i.e., depression, anxiety, stress, anger), and father-child relationship quality, using data obtained via online survey of 740 fathers of children aged 5 to 12 years.  

Method: This work adopted an innovative person-centered approach – latent profile analysis (LPA) – to enable the identification of distinct subgroups based on patterns of adherence across 10 dimensions of masculinity assessed using the 30-item Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI-30).  

Results: Findings revealed five unique profiles of fathers’ masculine norm adherence, characterized by (1) below average adherence across all dimensions, (2) average adherence across all dimensions, (3) high levels of work primacy, playboy, and power over women, (4) high levels of self-reliance and emotional control, and (5) high levels of heterosexual self-presentation. These profiles differed across mental health outcomes and father-child attachment. Notably, fathers in this third profile reported significantly poorer mental health outcomes, increased child conflict, and reduced child closeness relative to the average and below-average groups.  

Conclusion & Implications: The results provide a novel approach to identify how the configuration of masculine norm adherence across dimensions reveal important associations with mental health and parenting-related outcomes. Identification of at-risk fathers may help to provide targeted and tailored approaches to early identification and intervention. 

3.3 Primary health care providers and paternal perinatal psychosocial-risk assessment: practices, barriers, acceptability 

Suzanne Schilder, University of Wollongong; Dr Nicole Reilly, University of Wollongong; Jane Herbert, University of Wollongong 

Background: Australian perinatal practice guidelines recommend that expectant and new fathers be offered mental health screening and psychosocial assessment. However limited literature exists that specifically focuses on understanding current practice and the acceptability of psychosocial assessment for fathers. 

Aims: We aimed to examine primary health care professionals’ current practices in paternal mental health screening and psychosocial assessment, identify practice barriers, and explore acceptability using the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA).  

Method: An anonymous online survey was completed by primary health care providers in New South Wales, Australia. Preliminary analysis focused on five constructs of the TFA: affective attitude, burden, opportunity costs, perceived effectiveness and self-efficacy effectiveness.  

Results: The survey was completed by 15 general practitioners, 13 midwives, 32 child and family health nurses, 12 midwife/early childhood nurses, and six having undertaken a student placement in these disciplines (N=78). Most (86%) agreed or strongly agreed that conducting psychosocial assessment with expectant and new fathers would likely support improved mental health outcomes for fathers, and 90% agreed or strongly agreed that it would likely support improved parenting outcomes. However, 41% reported never or rarely conducting psychosocial assessment with fathers. Endorsed barriers to integrating paternal psychosocial assessment into service delivery included time pressures, fathers not being the patient, and a lack of referral pathways. 

Conclusions: While health care providers are accepting of psychosocial assessment with expectant and new fathers, integrating assessment into current clinical care remains challenging. Findings will be discussed in the broader context of evidence-based psychosocial assessment measures for fathers.  

Implications: Further development of father inclusive practices require the provision of adequate clinical time, the availability of adequate clinical assessment tools, and professional training to increase health care providers knowledge and confidence in their own and the system’s ability to support fathers. 

3.4 Paternal childhood trauma and offspring anxiety: Early results from a longitudinal cohort study 

Izaak Lim, Monash University 

Background & Aims: Childhood anxiety is a prevalent mental health concern with significant implications for long-term wellbeing. Although the role of maternal mental health in childhood anxiety has been extensively studied, the intergenerational impact of paternal mental health, including history of childhood trauma, remains under-explored. This study aims to investigate the relationship between paternal childhood trauma and anxiety symptoms in offspring aged 8–11 years.  

Method: This study is nested within the Mercy Pregnancy Emotional Wellbeing Study (MPEWS), a longitudinal pregnancy cohort study of families living in Melbourne, Australia. Fathers of children participating in MPEWS are being recruited in the current wave of data collection, when children are aged 8–11 years. Measures include fathers' retrospective reports of childhood trauma, current mental health, parenting behaviours, and father-child relationship quality, alongside parent- and child-reported measures of child anxiety.  

Results: Recruitment and data collection is ongoing, with over 60 fathers currently enrolled in the study. This presentation will report on early findings, including emerging trends in the data.  

Conclusion & Implications: This research highlights the importance of considering fathers' early life experiences in understanding developmental pathways to child mental health, and may point to opportunities for developing family-based interventions in relation to childhood anxiety. 

3.5 Exploring UK fathers' help-seeking for Paternal Postnatal Depression 

Caroline Davenport, University of Hull; Viren Swami, Anglia Ruskin University 

Background: Men’s help-seeking is known to be restricted by stigma, but less is known about their seeking for paternal postnatal depression (PND) specifically. Fathers are not routinely screened for PND.  

Aims: This study explored fathers’ help-seeking processes for paternal PND, including their motivators and perceived barriers. 

Method: Eight fathers from the United Kingdom who self-identified as suffering from PND took part in semi structured interviews. Interview data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA).  

Results: Fathers felt their mental health needs were minimal in comparison to mothers and did not want to ask for support from professionals. Help-seeking was usually with their GP (family doctor). Some were offered anti-depressant medication, disappointing them and believing this approach unsuited to their emotional experiences to fatherhood. Instead, they wanted therapy and parenting support, and to be aware of consequences of disclosure. Whilst health visitors (maternal, child and family nurses) visited the home, fathers perceived they were attending to the mother, and feared disclosing their own mental health difficulties, fearing this would result in removal of the child and breakup of the family. Some Help-seeking was initiated by their partners. Overall, fathers wanted a safe space where they are asked away from their partners, with time to talk. 

Conclusion: Fathers may need sensitive and confidential professional support after the birth of their child. Professionals should routinely ask fathers about their well-being, whilst health visitors should reassure fathers that they are there to support them as well as the mother, allaying suspicions among men disclosing mental health difficulties could destabilise the family unit.  

Implications: Current policies and working patterns in the UK disadvantage fathers and leave their needs invisible. Investment in a universal support system, and training of professionals in the needs of fathers with mental health difficulties is needed. 

FATHER INCLUSION

4.1 Innovating perinatal care: Implementation science forfatherhood engagement programs 

Thomas Docking, Dads Group; Angela Carberry, Sunshine Coast Health Institute; Barnaby Dixson Sunshine Coast University 

Background: Despite growing evidence of the importance of paternal involvement in the perinatal period, fathers and father figures remain an overlooked cohort in maternal health settings. This results in missed opportunities to enhance family health outcomes. Dads Group, The Sunshine Coast Health Institute, the University of the Sunshine Coast, Wish List Foundation, and Queensland Health (SCHHS) are working collaboratively to address this gap. Together, they aim to improve how fathers and families are supported during the perinatal period by developing an innovative, evidence-based approach to fatherhood engagement. 

Aims: This study aims to design an evaluation framework for engaging fathers during the perinatal period, with a focus on: 1. Integrating the program into health and community settings, 2. Assessing program efficacy across three key domains (preventing family violence, reducing risks of suicide and mental ill health, mitigating poor childhood developmental outcomes). By addressing these domains, the framework seeks to drive meaningful and measurable improvements in perinatal family health and well-being. 

Description: The evaluation of integrated paternal engagement programs in maternity services was structured across three key phases: Phase 1 - Co-designing and evaluating implementation strategies in collaboration with healthcare staff and fathers; Phase 2 - Using mixed-methods approaches to assess program efficacy in achieving its intended outcomes; Phase 3- Incorporating longitudinal qualitative and quantitative research designs to measure long-term impacts on family health and community outcomes. This iterative process emphasises stakeholder engagement, including direct input from fathers, families, and healthcare practitioners, ensuring the program is both effective and replicable. Applying implementation science principles has enabled this collaborative initiative to establish best practices for perinatal family support that meaningfully engage fathers. Preliminary results demonstrate an increase in paternal engagement and early indicators of improved family mental health outcomes. Additionally, this approach offers a scalable and replicable model for national and international application. 

4.2 Health professionals' attitudes and practices towardfather-inclusive practice in Indonesia 

Dona Tambunan, School of Nursing, Curtin University; Ravani Duggan, School of Nursing, Curtin University; Fatch Kalembo, School of Nursing, Curtin University  

Background & Aims: Fathers play a crucial role in positive family outcomes, yet little is known about health professionals’ attitudes and practices regarding father-inclusive practice (FIP) in Indonesia, where traditional gender roles influence parenting. This study aimed to: 1) explore health professionals’ attitudes and practices toward FIP in perinatal care in Manado City, Indonesia; and 2) assess the need for and acceptability of a supportive mobile phone application to enhance father involvement. 

Method: A quantitative survey was conducted with 188 health professionals from 16 community health centres. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes, practices related to FIP, and views on a proposed mobile phone application were analysed using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. 

Results: Most participants were female (88.3%), midwives (40.4%), and had over 10 years of professional experience (67%). More than half (53.7%) reported that fathers attended three or more antenatal sessions. However, only 43.6% provided regular information on fathering, and 47.3% on co-parenting during consultations. Higher mean ranks for FIP were observed among midwives, those with diploma three qualifications, and those providing information on fathering and co-parenting (p < 0.05). Limited time during consultations and inadequate training were major barriers, identified by nearly half of participants. Most health professionals (98.7%) supported developing a mobile phone application, with 97.9% agreeing it would benefit first-time parents, and 96.3% indicating they would use it. 

Impact: The findings highlight health professionals’ recognition of the importance of father involvement but reveal gaps in their knowledge and skills. Targeted training and resources are essential to address these challenges. The strong support for a messaging mobile application suggests its potential as an innovative tool to enhance father involvement and improve family health outcomes in Indonesia. 

4.3 Fostering meaningful father engagement in postnatal care through practice, system, structural change 

Emma White, healthAbility; Samantha Cooke, Maternal & Child Health, City of Stonnington; Julia Morgan, healthAbility   

Background: The WorldHealth Organization declared engaging fathers a priority for all maternity services. 1. Evidence shows fathers want to be actively involved parents. 2. but childcare remains highly gendered in Australia. 3. Engaging fathers in services encourages opportunities to participate in childcare, associated with long-term benefits for fathers, partners, children. 4. Baby Makes 3 (BM3), an evidence-based, award-winning initiative codesigned a framework with Victorian Maternal Child Health (VMCH) Services to adapt postnatal practices/structures to actively include/engage all parents.    

Aim: Promote an all-systems approach that transforms practices and structures to more effectively engage/include fathers in postnatal settings and in fatherhood.  

Description: Strategies developed to influence postnatal practices, systems, structures, focusing on key leverage points that engage/empower fathers. Intervention points include: workforce – capacity building training and tools assist establishing inclusive environments; systems - advocate extending appointment times accommodating all parents; advocate inclusion of fathers in birth records; physical environment - Audit tools build environments inclusive of fathers; health information - using language/imagery to challenge gender norms and welcome/engage fathers.  

Impact: Between October and December 2024, 46 VMCH staff across three services underwent gender equality training and implemented the Framework. 97.87% of these staff demonstrated shifts toward attitudes supportive of gender equality in parenting. As a result, key messaging that reinforces the importance of fathers in parenting reached 2,439+ Victorian families. An independent evaluation of the VMCH workforce found BM3 effective in increasing engagement with non-birthing parents. Specifically, messaging and activities targeting fathers boosted attendance, confidence, and reduced traditional gender roles. The evaluation also showed systemic changes, empowering fathers, creating inclusive playgroups, and promoting equity in family dynamics. VMCH workforce noted, "Including non-birthing parents in caregiving tasks, like baby-changing exercises, has really strengthened their confidence and engagement." – a positive outcome despite challenges of engaging men in parenting programs. 

4.4 'Highlights of my life': fathers' experiences with and views on parental leave in three Australian universities 

Elisabeth Duursma, Western Sydney University/TeEACH; Ashlee Borgkvist, University of South Australia; Alina Ewald, Western Sydney University.

Background & Aims: Despite increasing attention to parental leave policies, we know little about men's experiences with and views on taking parental leave, and even less about this phenomenon in Higher Education. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring the experiences and perspectives of fathers who have taken parental leave in three Australian universities.  

Method: We conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with 11 fathers and used thematic analysis to uncover the nuanced realities of their experiences. 

Results: Our analysis identified four key themes: 1.The Ideal Worker Norm: Fathers often struggled with societal expectations of the 'ideal worker,' which prioritises uninterrupted career progression and long working hours. This normative expectation shaped their decisions and experiences regarding parental leave, creating conflicts about their roles as both employees and caregivers; 2.The Material Reality of Parental Leave: Practical aspects, including financial implications and workplace support, significantly impacted fathers' experiences; 3. Impacts on Fathering Identity: Taking parental leave influenced fathers' identities and their perceptions of fatherhood. Many reported a strengthened bond with their children and a deeper involvement in caregiving, reshaping their understanding of their roles within the family; 4.Negotiations and Constructions of Parental Leave: Fathers navigated complex negotiations with their partners, employers, and themselves regarding the decision to take parental leave.  

Conclusion: While societal shifts are encouraging more men to take parental leave, significant barriers remain. Addressing the ideal worker norm, enhancing financial and workplace support, and promoting a more inclusive understanding of fatherhood are crucial for fostering a more equitable approach to parental leave. These insights contribute to the broader discourse on gender equality and work-life balance, highlighting the need for continued policy and cultural changes to support fathers in their dual roles as caregivers and professionals.  

4.5 Do fathers’ experiences with paediatric healthcare influencefamilies’ shared health literacy? 

Anneliese de Groot, Macquarie University; Karen Hutchinson, Macquarie University; Amy Hickman, Flinders University; Raghu Lingam, University of New South Wales; J. Fletcher, Griffith University; Y. Zurynski, Macquarie University.

Background & Aims: Families caring for children with medical complexity (CMC) must develop excellent health literacy to manage their child’s condition and navigate healthcare services to ensure optimum CMC care. This study aims to identify how fathers’ caring roles influence their experiences with healthcare services, and how these experiences contribute to building and sharing health literacy within families. 

Method: This study comprises secondary analysis of sixteen semi-structured interviews with members of 13 families of CMC receiving a rural paediatric care coordination service. Family members participated individually or together, including 12 mothers, 7 fathers, 3 siblings, and 1 aunt. Siblings aged 7 years and older participated with their parents. Interviews included open questions about experiences with CMC’s healthcare and were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Patterns of meaning relating to fathers’ experiences of caring and building health literacy were identified using thematic narrative analysis. 

Results: Preliminary results highlight how fathers perceive being ‘always at work’ as a missed opportunity to build knowledge and experience with CMC’s care. Families sought flexible employment, supporting fathers ‘organising work around [CMC]’. Experiences with health services taught mothers ‘the language we need to use … what you need to know’, but fathers’ absence often hindered this uptake of shared knowledge. Despite healthcare environments being perceived as ‘scary’ by some fathers, interacting directly with clinicians provided them with ‘more information … more detail’, which increased their ‘empathy and consideration’ regarding CMC care. Parents were empowered to ‘make better decisions’ when both attended appointments, and favoured opportunities for both to receive specific CMC training to be more confident to ‘know what to do’ at home.  

Conclusion & Implications: This study demonstrates how enabling fathers’ active engagement with healthcare can help families to optimise CMC health outcomes. Future work will explore fathers’ perspectives on their involvement in CMC care. 

FATHERS AND FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

5.1 Men, suicidality and relationship breakdown: What do we knowabout fathers? 

Michael Wilson, University of Melbourne; Jacqui Macdonald, School of Psychology, Deakin University; Zac E. Seidler, Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne 

Background & Aims: Relationship issues, separation and divorce have been documented in the suicides of one in three Australian men aged 25-44. Yet we know little about the factors that underlie men’s suicidality following relationship breakdown, nor which subgroups of men are particularly vulnerable. This study aimed to review the evidence base with a focus on understanding which men are most at risk of suicidality following relationship breakdown, and why. 

Method: A pre-registered systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. We searched seven electronic databases with relevant terms, screening all articles according to prespecified eligibility criteria. Extracted data were subject to random-effects meta-analysis to identify the pooled odds of suicidal ideation, attempt and death following relationship breakdown in men. Subgroup meta-analyses examined variability in outcomes by men’s age. Narrative synthesis explored factors linked to men’s suicidality following relationship breakdown.  

Results: Across 75 studies encompassing 106,719,740 men, we identified significantly elevated odds of suicidal ideation, attempt and death following relationship breakdown. Separated men aged under 35 displayed over 8-times the odds of suicide than their married counterparts. Narrative synthesis of the literature implicated a range of factors in men’s suicidality following relationship breakdown, including loneliness, isolation, shame and emotion dysregulation. Some evidence suggested shifts in fatherhood identities and relationships with children following relationship breakdown can amplify suicidal distress in fathers. Yet notable gaps in evidence were identified regarding mechanisms underlying suicidality in fathers following relationship breakdown.  

Conclusion & Implications: This study lays the foundation for future research to better inform mechanisms underlying suicidality following relationship breakdown for men, particularly fathers. Mental health services and men’s peer supports alike must be attuned to men’s vulnerability to suicidality following relationship breakdown, and must be equipped to identify and support among men at risk.  

5.2 Fathers’ self-compassion and child attachment quality: Testinga sequential indirect effect via emotion regulation difficulties, loneliness,and psychological distress in two paternal samples 

Jack Brett, The Kids Research Institute Australia; Daniel van Heerden, Curtin University; Trevor Mazzucchelli, Curtin University; James Kirby, University of Queensland; Vincent O. Mancini, The Kids Research Institute Australia.

Background and Aims: Self-compassion has emerged as a promising treatment target to promote healthy parent-child attachment relationships, though mostly in maternal samples. The mechanisms through which self-compassion may optimise the father-child relationships are not yet well-established. This study integrated previous findings to test a conceptual model that hypothesized a sequential indirect effect of fathers’ self-compassion on father-child relationship quality via emotion regulation difficulties, loneliness, and psychological distress. 

Methods: The hypothesized model was tested in two different samples of fathers recruited using convenience sampling procedures. Sample One comprised an international sample of 320 fathers with children aged 3 to 18 years; Sample Two comprised a more concentrated sample of 361 fathers residing in the United States and with children aged 5 to 12 years. All participants completed an online survey examining the psychosocial determinants of father-child relationship quality.   

Results: Fathers’ self-compassion was indirectly associated with father-child closeness and conflict in both samples. In combination with emotion regulation difficulties, loneliness, and psychological distress, the variables explained more variance in conflict (up to 22%) compared to closeness (up to 13%). The model was largely invariant across both groups, though emotion regulation difficulties were notably higher for Sample One.  

Conclusions and Implications: The findings highlight a potential process model for self-compassion and the father-child attachment relationship. Subject to further longitudinal or intervention studies, enhancing fathers’ self-compassion may help them to better regulate emotions, in turn reducing feelings of loneliness and psychological distress that could ultimately result in more adaptive responses as parents.   

5.3 Adolescents and sexually explicit media/pornography:Perspectives of fathers in Melbourne 

Marc Zen, School of Population Health, Curtin University; Jacqueline Hendriks, School of Population Health, Curtin University; Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, Curtin University; Sharyn Burns, School of Population Health, Curtin University; Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, Curtin University 

Background: Young people’s early and frequent access to pornography/sexually explicit media (SEM) is concerning for Australian families, particularly given it’s reported contribution to gendered violence. There have been calls for restrictive measures and SEM/pornography literacy education. Parents are essential providers of relationships and sexuality education, yet often lack skills and confidence to discuss SEM. Furthermore, mothers are frequently the main instigators of sexual health discussions, therefore much parent literature contains smaller sample sizes for fathers. This research explored father’s comfort and experiences discussing SEM with their adolescent children, barriers and enablers in these conversations and their concerns about access. Timely perspectives towards age verification/restrictions are explored. The term “SEM” includes explicit pornography and sexualised imagery in broader media. 

Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with n=9 fathers/carers in Melbourne, with at least one child attending secondary school. Data was thematically analysed using Braun and Clarkes six steps. 

Results: Thirteen themes were generated. The biggest concerns were adolescents making and/or sharing SEM with peers or on social media and negative impacts on their relationships. Accidental exposure to SEM was a greater concern, with fathers accepting that curious adolescents will likely seek SEM for pleasure and education as a natural part of sexual exploration. Father’s preferred educative dialogue as restrictions were reportedly obstructive to building skills for healthy relationships. Views towards pornography varied, but all believed consenting adults can watch/create it if they choose, and those under 18 should not access it. Father’s thought age verification will be ineffective, though non-regulatory means to limit access were discussed.  

Conclusion/implications: Fathers accept SEM as a common part of sexual exploration for adolescents and were more concerned about cultivating online relationships. This suggests co-design to inform sex-positive educative frameworks that go beyond SEM literacy and build skills for healthy relationships, is needed. 

MEETING THE DIVERSE NEEDS OF DADS

6.1 Culturally and linguistically diverse fathers support needs inthe perinatal period: A scoping review 

Rakime Elmir, Western Sydney University; Alka Kothari, University of Queensland, Redclife Hospital; Virginia Schmied, Western Sydney University; Sarah Fogarty, Western Sydney University 

Background: Research demonstrates that fathers  have a significant impact on maternal well-being, pregnancy outcomes such as mode of birth and breastfeeding intentions and the child’s physical, mental, behavioural, social and emotional development. Challenges faced in the perinatal period can be even greater for fathers who are from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds, particularly men who are recent migrants or refugees. The ability to seek support can be influenced by religion and culture including an understanding of gender roles, faith, and socio-economic status.  

Aims: The aim of this study was to identify the literature exploring the perceptions and experiences, including barriers and challenges, of the journey to fatherhood for culturally and linguistically diverse fathers.  

Design: A scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O’Malley’s six-step scoping review framework and the PRISMA-ScR guidelines.

Methods: To identify qualitative or mixed-methods studies, the electronic databases CINAHL, MEDLINE (OVID), the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Scopus were searched. The qualitative data was coded from the studies and themes emerged. For the final stage of analysis, a thematic synthesis was utilised. 

Findings: Eight papers were included from Australia, Belgium, Hawaii, and Sweden. There were five main themes: 1. A strong desire to serve my partner during pregnancy, 2. Financial security, 3. Cultural beliefs 4. Being present at the birth and 5. Role of healthcare professionals. 

Conclusion: Culturally and linguistically diverse fathers need greater support from healthcare providers and the community to help them support their partner while navigating the cultural challenges of becoming a father in a new country. More research is needed on strategies, programs and frameworks that can help midwives and other health professionals provide culturally safe and appropriate maternity health care for culturally diverse fathers. 

6.2 'My Father is Not My Father': Discovering misattributedpaternity in adulthood 

Alyona Cerfontyne, Monash University; Levita D'Souza, Monash University; Lefteris Patlamazoglou, Monash University 

Background & Aims: Misattributed paternity, a circumstance when a man is incorrectly assumed to be the biogenetic father of a child within the context of spontaneous conception, is neither new nor rare. Only recently have studies begun exploring how learning about the discrepancy between social and biogenetic fatherhood in adulthood affects individuals and families involved. The emerging research has been stimulated by the prevalence of commercial DNA-based ancestry tests, aptly called “paternity tests in disguise”. Presently, no studies focus exclusively on adult discoveries of misattributed paternity, with all research also involving adopted and donor-conceived individuals. Our research aimed to address this knowledge gap by exploring the psychosocial experiences of adults learning about their misattributed paternity.

Method: Born out of the personal experience of discovering misattributed paternity, this research was framed as insider action research and used qualitative methods. Thirteen participants were recruited via purposive and snowballing sampling. The data was collected during semi-structured interviews and analysed using thematic analysis.  

Results: The findings demonstrate that learning the biogenetic father’s identity and forming a relationship with him and/or his family was important for the participants’ well-being and sense of identity and an important coping strategy. Yet, several barriers to accessing information about the biogenetic father existed, including a lack of cooperation from those who knew about misattributed paternity and the timing of the discovery. These barriers often had detrimental psychological and relational consequences for the participants, their biogenetic fathers and other paternal relatives.  

Conclusion & Implications: Our findings indicate that overcoming these barriers can turn a challenging situation into an enriching experience of personal growth, relational transformation and new opportunities for everyone involved. Future studies with social and biogenetic fathers of individuals with misattributed paternity are recommended to understand their experiences and support needs in relation to misattributed paternity and its discoveries. 

6.3 Helping young dads 'be comfortable putting theirtoe in': Centering lived experiences in a model of support for young fathers 

Kelsey Deane, Brave Foundation; Oliver Doreian, Brave Foundation 

Background/Aims: Brave Foundation’s Supporting Expecting and Parenting Teens program is a 12-month, gender-inclusive mentoring intervention that supports adolescents and young parents from targeted equity groups up to 25 years of age. Despite being available to young fathers, more than 90% of participants have consistently been pregnant or parenting young mothers. The limited research that exists globally on the perspectives and experiences of young fathers underscores a wide range of interconnected ecological factors that prevent young fathers from engaging with services that are available to support their own and their families’ wellbeing.  Reflecting on this evidence, Brave set out to examine the root causes of this problem for young fathers in Australia to address barriers to service engagement with the aim of informing an improved model of support specific to young fathers.  

Description: Brave’s Young Dads Pilot Project launched in early 2024 in the Newcastle and Greater Melbourne regions. Drawing on social innovation and theory-driven evaluation methods, the project has involved four integrated streams: Discovery, Co-Design, Delivery, and Evaluation. Collectively, the evidence generated through analysis of lived experience stories, client case file data, existing research literature, and practice expertise affirms that many young fathers are motivated to be great fathers and have a clear desire for support. Opportunities for innovative solutions also arose when using design-thinking methods to examine engagement barriers from the lived experience perspective of young fathers.   

Impact: Findings highlight the benefits of a flexible, nonjudgmental mentoring approach and the need for trusted allies to facilitate access to group-based supports that can address the isolation many young dads are experiencing.  The project insights have shaped practice principles focused on Reaching, Recruiting, Engaging, and Retaining Young Dads in supportive services. The co-design process also provided direction for prototyping novel father-specific enhancements to Brave’s existing Model of Mentoring. 

6.4 Fatherhood programs in remote Australia 

Adam Burns, Dads Group; Blair Keeble, Dads Group 

Background: Isolated and remote Australian communities often lack access to support programs, despite their immense potential for building strong, connected communities. Collaborating with Centacare and the Councils of Mount Isa, Dads Group has initiated efforts to integrate fatherhood programs that address the unique needs of fathers and families in these regions. 

Aim: The goal is to develop a tailored version of the paternal integrated model of care designed specifically to suit the complexities and challenges of remote Australian communities. 

Description: The project involves extensive stakeholder engagement with local hospitals, Centacare, municipal councils, and family support organizations, alongside collaboration with Indigenous leaders and organizations. This inclusive approach ensures the program is culturally sensitive and responsive to the unique needs of remote communities. By fostering partnerships and prioritizing co-design, the project leverages local expertise and community resources to create a sustainable and impactful model of care. 

Impact: Collaboration and leadership from local fathers and community representatives have been pivotal. By involving them in the co-design of the program, impactful outcomes emerge organically, strengthening community bonds and enhancing family well-being. This approach ensures sustainable and meaningful change driven by the communities themselves. 

6.5 The indirect effects of emotional labour and parental burnouton the relationship between conforming to masculine norms and father self-efficacy 

Olivia Fernandes, Curtin University; James Clarke, Curtin University; Vincent Mancini, The Kids Research Institute 

Background & Aims: Fathers play a pivotal role in child development, with father self-efficacy emerging as critical for positive family well-being and mental health. However, societal expectations around traditional masculinity may undermine fathers’ parenting confidence. This study investigates the indirect effects of emotional labour (surface acting) and parental burnout on the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and father self-efficacy, addressing a gap in the literature. 

Method: Guided by Cabrera et al.’s (2014) ecological framework, this cross-sectional study surveyed 350 self-identified fathers (M = 39.45 years, SD = 8.28) from the United States. Participants completed validated measures of conformity to masculine norms, surface acting, parental burnout, and father self-efficacy. Path analysis was employed to examine direct and indirect effects, with bootstrap methods ensuring robust results.  

Results: Conformity to masculine norms significantly predicted lower father self-efficacy both directly and through the mediating effects of surface acting and parental burnout, explaining 24% of the variance in self-efficacy. Surface acting was positively associated with parental burnout, and both mediators negatively impacted father self-efficacy. 

Conclusion & Implications: Adhering to traditional masculine norms detrimentally affects father self-efficacy via emotional labour and burnout. Parenting programs should address these influences by promoting authentic emotional expression, stress management, and flexible masculinity perspectives. Such interventions can enhance fathers' confidence and well-being, improving family outcomes. This research underscores the importance of nuanced, father-centred approaches in parenting frameworks and theoretical models. 

6.2 ‘I miss you daddy, when are you coming back daddy?’. Men in prison are fathers too: the transformative impact of targeted support for young dads in prison 

Nicki Pierce, University of Lincoln; Emily Harle, University of Lincoln; Anna Tarrant, University of Lincoln; Linzi Ladlow:,University of Lincoln 

Background & Aims: The aim of this research was to explore targeted and person-centred support for young dads in prisons in the UK, such as that delivered by the prisons advice and care trust (Pact), can be a catalyst for transformation. 

Method: Qualitative methods were used to investigate retrospective and prospective accounts of young fathers’ biographies, parenting journeys and criminal justice pathways. The interviews were oriented around a temporal framing, exploring their life histories, current experiences of fathering from prison, as well as their aspirations and future orientations. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve fathers, aged between 18 and 30 years old in two Young Offenders Institutes (YOI) and four professionals from Pact.  

Results: The study demonstrated that there is a clear need for consistent and supportive interventions in prisons that invest in the fatherhood identity as a rehabilitative approach. These young men describe, and have experienced, highly complex and difficult lives shaped by poverty, homelessness, histories of discrimination and violence (both as perpetrators and victims) and associated trauma, insecure relationships with family members, poor mental health and financial insecurity. Fatherhood is therefore one of few positive gendered resources available to young fathers while in the harsh context of prison.  

Conclusion & Implications: In adopting a social and strengths-based model of support, as opposed to one that is entirely built on risk, Pact are able to promote the significance and value of sustaining relationships with their children and their baby mums, while simultaneously creating spaces and opportunities for young fathers to invest in practices of connection, care and engagement with their children and co-parent, where feasible. Investment in fathering and father identities also increases the potential for ameliorating longer term challenges for young fathers in and through rehabilitation and resettlement processes.

S.1 Australian Institute of Family Studies: Launch of 10 to Men Insights from Fathering 

Constantine Gasser, Australian Institute of Family Studies; Katrina Scurrah, Australian Institute of Family Studies 

S.2 Fathers' Experiences of Interparental Conflict and AdolescentMental Health: The Mediating Role of Parent Mental Health Difficultiesand Parenting Behaviour 

Ankita Sen, Deakin University; Rebecca Giallo, Deakin University 

Background & Aims: Children who grow up experiencing frequent and intense conflict between parents/caregivers are at increased risk of mental health difficulties. Research is needed to better understand the long-term impacts of interparental conflict (IPC) on adolescent mental health, and the risk pathways mediating this relationship. Addressing the dearth of research involving fathers in this area is also needed. The first aim of the study was to investigate the extent to which IPC in the first year of life as reported by fathers was associated with adolescent mental health outcomes at aged 14-15 years. The second aim was to determine the extent to which the relationship between early life IPC and adolescent mental health was mediated by fathers’ mental health difficulties and parenting behaviours.  

Method: Secondary analyses of data from over 4000 father-child dyads participating in the infant cohort of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were conducted. Fathers reported on early life IPC (wave 1) and their own psychological distress, parenting warmth and hostility when their children were aged 2-3 years (wave 1). Adolescent reports of their mental health (e.g., internalising and externalising symptoms, self-harm, suicidal ideation) when they were 14-15 years (wave 8) were used. 

Results: Results revealed that high IPC reported by fathers in the first postnatal year was associated with internalising and externalising symptoms, self-harm and suicidal ideation in adolescence. The relationship between fathers’ reports of IPC in the first year of life and adolescent internalising symptoms was mediated by fathers’ psychological distress in the early parenting period. Parenting hostility in the early parenting period mediated the association between IPC and adolescent externalising difficulties. 

Conclusion & Implications: The need for prevention and early intervention approaches targeting parental conflict, fathers’ mental health and parenting in the early years of children’s lives will be discussed. 

S.3 Trajectories of distress among fathers and their children’smental health in adolescence 

Michelle James, Deakin University; Rebecca Giallo, Deakin University; Jacqui Macdonald, Deakin University 

Background and aims: Fatherhood is a significant and transformative experience for many men, however, it can also be associated with mental health difficulties and distress. Extending research into the potential impacts of fathers’ mental health on children, this study examined the relationship between fathers’ psychological distress over time and their children’s mental health as they reach adolescence. The aims were twofold. First, to describe the course of fathers’ psychological distress over a 15-year period from their child’s birth, and to identify distinct patterns of distress over time. Second, to examine the mental health of adolescents exposed to different trajectories of fathers’ distress over time.   

MethodA: sample of 3,932 biological fathers and their children who live within the same home was selected from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). Latent Growth Mixture Modelling (LGMM) was used to identify fathers’ patterns of distress over a 15 year period. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) were conducted to investigate the mental health outcomes of adolescents exposed to different patterns of fathers’ psychological distress over time.  

Results: Three trajectories of fathers’ distress emerged: minimal and stable distress (89%), decreasing distress (5%), and increasing distress (6%). Adolescents whose fathers experienced elevated psychological distress at any point in their childhood had increased mental health difficulties. 

Conclusion and Implications: Our study indicates that approximately 1 in 10 fathers experience a pattern of elevated distress at some point in the first 15 years of their children’s lives, and this is associated with poorer mental health for their children in adolescence. This has important implications for understanding how fathers cope as their children develop through childhood and how services may target interventions to engage with fathers about their mental health as their children transition into adolescence.