ENGAGEMENT OF FATHERS IN HEALTH 7 COMMUNITY-BASED SERVICES

1.1  Barriers and enablers to health service use among fathers: A review of empirical evidence

Karen Wynter, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University; Kayla Mansour, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University; Faye Forbes, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University; Jacqui Macdonald, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University

Background & Aims: Although engaging fathers in health services has benefits for the whole family, few perinatal health services report successful engagement of fathers. The aim was to describe available evidence on barriers and enablers to health service access among fathers.

Method: Eighteen databases were searched in scoping reviews seeking empirical evidence from 1) Australian studies and 2) international literature reviews. Articles were double-screened at both title/abstract and full-text stages.

Results: Fifty-two Australian studies and 44 international reviews were included. Men reported being highly motivated to attend health services during the transition to parenthood. The most commonly reported barriers were at health service level, related to an exclusionary health service focus on mothers. These exist as both ‘surface’ factors (e.g. appointment times not available outside traditional work hours) and ‘deep’ factors, in which health service polices perpetuate traditional gender norms of mothers as ‘caregivers’ and fathers as ‘supporters’ or ‘providers’. Such barriers were consistently reported among all fathers including but not limited to vulnerable sub-groups: those from Indigenous or culturally diverse backgrounds, at risk of poor mental health or violent behaviours, experiencing perinatal loss or other adverse events during pregnancy and birth, and caring for children with illness, neurodevelopmental or behavioural problems.

Opportunities for engagement of fathers in health services include improving health professionals’ awareness, confidence and training in working with fathers; tailoring support according to men’s preferences; ‘gateway’ consultations in which health professionals screen or support fathers who are already attending at mothers’ or infants’ appointments; and, ideally, broad, top-down policies supporting fathers as infant caregivers in a family-based approach.

Conclusion & Implications: Fathers experience multiple barriers to accessing health. Although enablers also exist at individual and cultural levels, health services hold the key to improved engagement of fathers.

1.2 Exploring fathers’ perceived facilitators and barriers in a health intervention during early parenthood

Monique Seymour, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development (SEED), Deakin University, Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Le Ann Williams, Tweddle Child and Family Health Service; Rebecca Giallo, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development (SEED, Deakin University, Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute

Background & Aims: There is the limited knowledge about the barriers and facilitators to fathers’ engagement in interventions to enhance their physical and mental health in the early parenting period. The aim of this study was to investigate fathers’ perceived barriers and enablers to participation in a health intervention offered by a child and family health service.

Methods: Eleven fathers of young children (aged 0-4 years) participated in qualitative interviews about their experiences of Working Out Dads, a facilitated peer support group to promote men’s mental health in early fatherhood. They were specifically asked about their facilitators and barriers to participating in the program. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results: The identified facilitators and barriers fell into two broad categories: program-related and father related factors. Program-related facilitators included the accessibility of the program, advocacy by fathers, group fitness/exercise component, and having a father-specific program. Father-related facilitators included making social connections, learning how to be a better dad/partner, and partner support/encouragement to attend. Program related barriers included travel, lack of awareness of services, and gender roles. While father-related barriers included being time poor, sacrifices to family, and apprehension.

Conclusions & Implications: This study generated important evidence about the factors that promote, encourage, and motivate fathers to partake in an intervention designed to promote their mental and physical health during the early parenting period. These findings have broader implications for health services in designing father-inclusive and father-specific interventions in the early stages of parenthood.

1.3 Transformative health strategies: how Dads Group initiatives shape health system engagement

Thomas Docking, Dads Group; Alison Peipers, Healthy Male

Background/Aims: The Dads 'n Peers: LINK Project aims to revolutionize antenatal education by specifically targeting enhanced experiences for new fathers. This project integrates a father-focused program within existing antenatal education initiatives to elevate paternal involvement in the perinatal journey. Key objectives include incorporating Emotional Preparation for Parenthood (EPP) classes, training Perinatal Peer Educators, revising curriculum for father inclusivity, and establishing Dads Group experiences. These components aim to foster peer connections among fathers and provide comprehensive support through in-person and remote sessions.

Description: Implemented across three hospitals, the project showcased diverse approaches, ranging from integrating EPP classes as standalone sessions to incorporating them into existing programs in various formats and time frames. Central to the success were the recruitment and training of Perinatal Peer Educators and Dads Group Antenatal Representatives (DGARs), facilitated by the LINK grant.

A thorough project evaluation, comprising pre/post-measures and community surveys, aims to assess the efficacy of the initiative. Interviews with hospital administrators, educators, and project representatives offered profound insights into perceptions, experiences, and recommendations, emphasizing the feasibility and benefits of this father-focused model within existing antenatal education.

Impact: Participants highlighted a strong understanding of project objectives and motivations, ranging from addressing mental health concerns to enhancing community support and antenatal care. While implementation encountered challenges such as technology issues, staffing limitations, and pandemic implications, participants acknowledged supportive factors like staff briefings and project partnerships.

The project's impact on fathers' engagement and family dynamics emerged as a highlight, emphasizing increased knowledge, empowerment, and improved relationships. Recommendations emphasized passionate advocacy, staff engagement, sustainability planning, and leveraging evaluation outcomes for wider adoption.

This presentation encapsulates experiences, challenges, and recommendations, underscoring the feasibility and advantages of integrating father-focused initiatives into existing antenatal education. It provides a roadmap for hospitals seeking to enhance paternal involvement, fostering a more inclusive and supportive environment for expecting parents during the antenatal phase.

1.4 Men working with men in intensive family services: reflections on violence, trauma lifeworlds and organic interventions

Alex Haines, Centacare; Stuart Andary, Centacare; Jackie Amos, Centacare and University of South Australia; Jonathon Louth, Centacare and University of South Australia; Amalie Mannik, Centacare; Ruth Jacobs, Centacare; Paul Best, Centacare; Paul Calio, Centacare; Travis Petrovic, Centacare; Ryan Scott, Centacare and Alex Vlahos, Centacare.

Background & Aims: Intimate partner violence is a major problem in Australia, impacting many families that are on the cusp of disruption and intervention by the child protection system. Using an innovative method of inquiry, the article explores the role of dedicated men’s workers in a South Australian non-government organisation’s intensive family service that works towards keeping families safe and together. The dedicated men’s worker positions are integrated into a multidisciplinary model that works with fathers who have been a part of situational violence within the family.

Description: The men’s workers’ (and co-authors’) reflections offer insight into systemic barriers, practical therapeutic interventions, engagement work with fathers, how this is approached, and the various outcomes experienced. Blending auto-ethnography reflections, elements of rapid ethnographic assessment, and the use of rigorous and accelerated data reduction, we demonstrate the need for increased supports for some fathers. These should include therapeutic engagement and working with the underlying trauma of fathers to ensure the whole family is supported and offered opportunity for healing and sustainable preservation. We also consider the more encompassing lifeworlds of the men and the need to drive and support broader sociocultural shifts.

Impact: Our findings identify six key themes and suggest that utilising father-inclusive practices, where appropriate, can improve wellbeing outcomes for children and families engaged with child protective services. Ensuring the establishment of conditional and ongoing safety and utilising a child- and family focused lens at multiple points are essential prerequisites of these strength-based father-inclusive interventions. Through our analysis we identified an organic phased-based intervention framework that can be replicated and reflects the early success of our holistic, multidisciplinary, and trauma-responsive approach. This holistic
approach uses fatherhood as a motivator and addresses co-morbidities such as financial
distress, alcohol, and drug use.

1.5 ‘Superdads - The new age of nourishing kids’: Co-design workshops with fathers

Jeffrey So, Centre for Childhood Nutrition Research, Queensland University of Technology, Smita Nambiar, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Rebecca Byrne, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Danielle Gallegos, Centre for Childhood Nutrition Research, Queensland University of Technology, Kimberley Baxter, Centre for Childhood Nutrition Research, Queensland University of Technology

Background and Aims: Nurturing care is a central tenet for advancing early childhood development. Parents play an important role in fostering young children’s nutrition and growth. However, fathers remain underrepresented in child feeding and nutrition research, undermining the development of child nutrition interventions that promote healthy eating and responsive feeding. Efforts that facilitate fathers’ active participation in child health research and programs should consider their lived experiences and unique needs, particularly in disadvantaged contexts. This research explicitly targeted fathers to co-design engagement strategies and design principles for effective child nutrition interventions.

Methods: Underpinned by the constructivist paradigm, ten fathers of young children with lived experience of socioeconomic disadvantage participated in online co-design workshops utilizing a ‘superheroes’ analogy. 

Results: Seven principles were identified for designing child nutrition interventions, including (i) dad-specific, child-centred, (ii) empowerment and collaboration, (iii) actionable and accessible strategies, (iv) multiformat implementation, (v) culturally appropriate, (vi) adapted to child age, and (vii) targeted promotion.   Interventions should promote fathers’ food skills, positive role modelling and child involvement through implementable strategies, leveraging peer championship, technology, expert knowledge, and social interactions. 

Conclusion and Implications: This research holds relevance for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers. It supports the principles of the Nurturing Care Framework, covering good health, adequate nutrition, safety and security, opportunities for learning, and responsive caregiving, contributing toward the Sustainable Development Goals. Amplifying fathers’ voices in child health research recognises the developmental benefits of paternal involvement, thus enabling men’s engagement in nurturing care. Co-design not only empowers families through leveraging their lived experience expertise but also strengthens fathers’ capacity to contribute to improved public health nutrition initiatives. Future interventions could integrate the suggested design principles in their planning and delivery to effectively engage fathers.

1.6 Learning from COVID-19: Informing the development of appropriate resources for fathers as they navigate becoming a father in a changing world

Kieva Richards, Deakin University; Kirk Reed, Deakin University; Karen Wynter, Monash University; Norma Barrett, Deakin University

Background & Aims: Disruptions from the pandemic resulted in shifts in work and family life and have been felt to varying degrees by families. The pandemic may have re-shaped the role that a father plays, but the longitudinal impact is unknown. Health services were strained; some ceased or were not offered in the same way. In Australia, funds have been promised to support the social and emotional well-being of men to improve outcomes for fathers and their families. The study aims to gain an understanding of the experiences and support needs of men who became a father since February 2020, and their suggested improvements for health and support services.

Method: A qualitative design was adopted to understand the lived experience of 7 fathers. An external advisory committee supported and advised the research team. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, which were recorded and transcribed. Data were analysed using a six-phase reflexive thematic analysis process.

Results: Three overarching themes emerged: Taking control reflecting participants making a conscious decision to prioritize familial relationships through re-assessing their current employment and seeking out opportunity for greater flexibility and paternal supports; Building an enhanced awareness of resilience highlighting that participants experienced a sense of confidence; and Sympathy and self-care where participants appeared to have an appreciation for the unique fatherhood experience and the importance of self-care to enable execution of their role.

Conclusion: The pandemic influenced family relationships and unearthed variations in equitable service provision. However, more importantly, the pandemic appeared to influence how fathers perceived themselves and the tools that they could utilize during adverse events like the COVID-19 pandemic.

1.7. Dadfit - an innovative community program for dads with outstanding early results

Ryan Carters, Founder and CEO, Dadfit

Background/Aims: Dadfit is a non-profit organisation supporting dads to enable healthy, gender families. In 2023 Dadfit co-designed and piloted an innovative five-week community program for fathers of children aged 0-5, with outstanding results. The team-based program aims to support fathers’ mental and physical health, social connection, and parenting and relationship skills, creating broader positive impacts for maternal and child health and safety.
Dadfit was Founded by Ryan Carters, a dad of three, former professional cricketer and ex McKinsey consultant with a Masters in Public Policy from Harvard.

Dadfit’s Advisory Group includes:
-Jacqui Macdonald, Deakin University
-Rob Moodie, University of Melbourne
-Helen Rimington, Drummond Street Services
-Edison Gunda, Drummond Street Services

Description: The Dadfit Program was co-designed with participant fathers in inner Melbourne, with input from researchers and practitioners. The Program involves five weekly two-hour sessions. Each session has three components:
1) Workout - a team-building game followed by a 40-minute group workout.
2) Dad chat - a facilitated discussion addressing key topics for fathers, including: connecting with your child; supporting your child’s development; supporting your partner or co-parent; looking out for your health and wellbeing; and building a dad community.
3) Dad challenge - a fun, practical challenge to implement at home, building on the discussion.

Impact: The Dadfit program was delivered 5 times in 2023 (four in inner Melbourne and once online), reaching 65 dads.
Program impacts were measured by a post-program survey:
-93% of fathers reported positive impacts on their mental health
-90% reported positive impacts on their physical health
-90% said the Program helped them be a better dad
-4.9 out of 5 average rating for Program overall
Qualitative feedback was similarly positive:
“Hearing other dads are going through the same struggles, I feel less isolated” - Anton, dad of one
“Feels like I’m improving my life, and my family’s, a little every week” - Tim, dad of two
“My partner is happier since starting Dadfit, and that’s been great for the whole family” - Emma, mother of two

Dadfit will expand Program delivery to reach 400 fathers in 2024 in partnership with Drummond Street Services and six local governments.

FATHERS AND PAID WORK

2.1 Fathers’ experiences with and views on parental leave

Elisabeth Duursma, Western Sydney University/TeEACH; Ashlee Borgkvist, University of South Australia, Alina Ewald, Western Sydney University; Kyla Lawson, Western Sydney University

Background & Aims: Parental leave is considered a ‘solution’ in policies to support working fathers and their families and to balance work and family (Brandt & Kvande, 2019). When fathers in heterosexual couples take leave after the birth of their child, this benefits both mothers’ and fathers’ wellbeing (Cardenas et al., 2021). However, fatherhood is still largely invisible in the workplace (Rouse et al., 2021). Previous studies have focused on quantitative measures such as how many fathers take parental leave. However, what is missing is fathers’ voices; therefore, the aim of this study is to examine fathers’ experiences and views on taking parental leave at three Australian universities.

Method: For this study we will recruit approximately 20 fathers (academic and professional staff) employed at three Australian universities (Western Sydney University, University of Wollongong and University of South Australia). Open-ended interviews will be conducted via Zoom. We will ask fathers about their experiences with and barriers and facilitators to taking parental leave. Data will be analysed using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) to identify themes, and member checking will be used to establish reliability and validity.

Results: We aim to recruit fathers employed in different faculties across the universities as we predict there will be differences in fathers’ experiences with parental leave in more male-dominated fields such as engineering and the basic sciences. We expect that fathers might have changed their views on parental leave as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic which allowed fathers to spend more time with their children (e.g., Herbert et al., 2023).

Conclusion &/or Implications: We anticipate the data from this study can be used to better inform managers and employees about parental leave policies, highlight barriers to fathers taking leave, and contribute to reducing the stigma of men caring for their children.


2.2 Analysing public perspectives of Australian fathers’ use of government Paid Parental Leave through social media posts

Kate Holper, Monash University; Ashlee Borgkvist, University of South Australia; Levita D'Souza, Monash University

Background & Aims: The past decade has seen a global shift towards recognising the role of fathers in early childrearing, and the part Paid Parental Leave (PPL) can play to facilitate father involvement as well as shape public opinion and challenge social and gender norms. However, there has been low PPL uptake by Australian fathers. Existing research has identified barriers affecting fathers’ ability to utilise PPL, including unsupportive cultures and stigma. This study aimed to explore broad public perspectives of fathers’ use of PPL in the context of the Australian Government’s announcement of PPL policy expansion.

Method: Publicly available social media comments were captured from Facebook and Reddit over a one-week period (14th – 21st October 2022). This period was chosen to capture initial public reaction and sentiment to the announced PPL changes. After applying exclusion criteria, 320 posts were included in the analysis, the majority being from Facebook. A thematic analysis was conducted, utilising a realist and inductive approach which allowed meaning and experience to be imbued directly from the language used by the commenter.

Results: Four major themes were identified: Public policy assessment; Personal responsibility, choice, and generational context; Gender and parental equality; and Family support and child welfare. Public perception of the announced PPL changes was mixed; many were supportive of improving government PPL policy, but suggested it needs further expansion. Numerous factors were identified which may influence fathers’ leave uptake, including unsupportive workplaces, sentiment about whether fathers need to be present in early childrearing, and suggestions that PPL can improve gender equality.

Conclusion &/or Implications: It is envisioned that these research findings may assist with PPL policy implementation and support of Australian fathers and families, through highlighting potentially harmful as well as positive perspectives on father’s use of PPL in Australian society.

2.3 Exploring men’s experiences with paid parental leave policies in Australia

Lily Lewington, Griffith University; Associate Professor Bernadette Sebar, Griffith University; Dr Jessica Lee, University of Queensland

Background & Aims: This PhD research project aimed to explore men’s experiences with paid parental leave policies in Australia. Fathers have been reported to struggle between the expectations of being an involved father and an ideal worker. A strategy to allow fathers to be more involved in caring responsibilities is the implementation of parental leave policy specifically for fathers. However, fathers are less likely to take parental leave compared to mothers as they are often viewed negatively. Fathers are often expected to be the breadwinner and secondary care-giver. These gendered expectations create conflict in the experiences of fathers when navigating through their roles and identity. The changing role and expectations of men and fathers leads to struggle with identity, which has been found to negatively impact men. The increase in paid parental leave policies has been witnessed in Australia, however, men are still not taking up the policies. Therefore, this research seeks to explore why this is occurring and to understand men’ experiences with paid parental leave in Australia, and what discourses shape their experiences.

Method: This study consisted of a pluralist methodological approach in order to explore the research questions. Three methodological approaches were employed to explore paid parental leave policy and fathers’ experiences: Critical Policy Analysis, Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). This presentation will review the IPA and CDA only.

Results: The IPA analysis revealed four themes: A father’s accessibility to parental leave policy; Understanding (and validating) father’s gendered identity during PPL; Negotiating fatherhood through PPL; and Structures that impact fathers’ uptake of PPL. Findings from the CDA will also be presented.

Conclusion &/or Implications: The overall findings from this research project have the potential to inform future policy and provide insight into the experiences of men when navigating fatherhood.

2.4 ‘I am different’: a qualitative analysis of part-time working fathers’ constructions of their experiences

Eric Mercier, University of Adelaide - School of Psychology; Amanda LeCouteur, University of Adelaide - School of Psychology; Paul Delfabbro, University of Adelaide - School of Psychology

Background/Aims: Although there has been an increasing interest in the notion of involved fatherhood, few studies have examined how fathers who work part-time and engage in child-rearing make sense of this experience. The present study explores how part-time working fathers positioned themselves in terms of their ‘at home’ and ‘at work’ identities.

Method: Thematic analysis was used to examine 30 interviewees’ accounts of their experiences.

Results: Three central themes were identified: (1) choosing to work part-time, (2) benefits of working part-time, and (3) contrasts with fathers as ‘breadwinners’.

Conclusion & Implications: A common feature in all of these themes was interviewees’ flexible transition between traditional and non-traditional types of masculinity. The ways in which part-time working fathers positioned themselves as caring for children while maintaining attachment to more traditional types of masculinity are considered in terms of implications for theory and for fathers’ personal development. At a time where expectations of fathers engaged in child-rearing are increasing, the results of this study could be drawn on in the area of personal development to support men in forming new strategies around fathering practices.

2.5 A critical analysis of fatherhood discourses in the Australian Government paid parental leave policy scheme

Lily Lewington, Griffith University; Associate Professor Bernadette Sebar, Griffith University; Dr Jessica Lee, Griffith University

Background & Aims: To date, there has been limited scholarship and critical reflection on the Australian Government paid parental leave policy scheme, specifically the discourses surrounding fatherhood and fathers’ inclusion in the policy. A critical review of the policy landscape is important as fathers often remain at the periphery in the parenting sphere. This paper critically analyses the discourses found in the policy surrounding fatherhood, and how these discourses underpin the paid parental leave policy environment in Australia. We present the discursive narrative identified in the sample of selected policy documents.
 
Method: We employed a critical policy analysis (CPA) approach to critically examine the discourses surrounding parenthood which underpin the paid parental leave policy environment within Australia. This study was conducted as part of a larger study exploring fathers experiences with paid parental leave in Australia and how their experiences are shaped; the CPA was the first phase (Phase 1) of the study. Phase 1 involved critical review of 20 Australian Government paid parental leave legislative documents, which includes the original Paid Parental Leave Act 2010 and any accompanying rules, amendments, statements, or updated legislation since 2010.
 
Results: The critical policy analysis revealed three key findings underpinning the paid parental leave scheme in Australia: Parent = Mother; Government = Gatekeeper to parenthood; and Fathers in caring roles = Exceptional circumstance. These themes are key to understanding how the paid parental leave scheme in Australia constructs parenting discourses through the use of language and rules which inform parents, and more specifically fathers.

Conclusion &/or Implications: The overall findings from this study have the potential to inform future policy decisions by providing critical insight into the discourses which underpin the parental leave policy environment in Australia.

FATHERS’ PARENTING ROLES

3.1 Father experiences of the transition to parenthood, the first year and beyond

Norma Barrett, School of Health & Social Development Deakin University

Background/Aims: The transition to parenthood is a period of simultaneous joy and challenge for fathers, commencing from the year preconception and continuing up to three years after the birth of the first child. Existing literature tends to focus on the experience of new fathers while they are still in the first year of parenthood. These fathers are only at the beginning of their transition to parenthood journey and are likely still adjusting to this new role, with little opportunity to reflect or make meaning of their experiences. The transition to parenthood for fathers beyond this first year remains largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to capture a broader perspective of the transition to parenthood for fathers in Australia.

Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 fathers of one or more children in the early childhood stage (0-8 years) to examine their transition to parenthood experiences in Australia.

Results: Six key themes were identified: i) parenting is more intense than expected; ii) getting out of the house is valued but often difficult to achieve; iii) changes to partner relationships are profound; iv) guilt and helplessness are common experiences; v) work-caring preferences evolve across transition to parenthood, but opportunities to negotiate these are limited; vi) the transition to parenthood journey is characterized by perceptions of mental health and well-being. The concept ‘passenger parenting’ was coined to make sense of the final three themes, suggesting agency is central to obstacles experienced by fathers in transition to parenthood.

Conclusions & Implications: Fathers require support with maintaining healthy partner relationships and active participation in parenting related decisions such as feeding and breadwinning. Exercise may be a useful tool for: supporting mental health of fathers during the transition to parenthood, and initiating father engagement in health promotion and social inclusion initiatives.

3.2 Parenting during COVID-19: Experiences of parents in Victoria, Australia

Kieva Richards, Deakin University; Belinda Battey, Deakin University; Norma Barrett, Deakin University

Background & Aims: In 2020, the introduction of the pandemic altered the way people engaged in everyday life. Specifically, implementation of policies and procedures to protect against the spread of COVID-19 influenced access to community locations, how relationships could be maintained and the execution of roles and responsibilities. For example, the lives and experiences of parents changed – through the restriction of access to health/support services, school, playgrounds or leisure activities. This study aimed to explore the parenting experiences of biological parents in Victoria, Australia during the pandemic.

Method: This study sought subjective interpretations of 15 parents (10 mothers; five fathers) with a child aged between one and 17 years who resided in Victoria (5 Metropolitan Melbourne; 10 Regional Victoria) during the pandemic. Following semi-structured interviews and transcription, data was analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results:  Three overarching themes emerged: Re-imagining the role of the parent with subthemes roles, routines and parenting styles; Healthcare during the pandemic with subthemes mandatory protocols, service disruptions and use of tele-health services; and navigating complex relationships with subthemes parent to child relationship, interfamily relationships and social growth stemming from relationships emerged. 

Conclusion & Implications: The COVID-19 pandemic appeared to alter how parents engaged with and executed their established role of being a parent. The impact of these changes is unclear, however, this study highlights that the pandemic added a greater degree of complexity to an already often challenging situation.

3.3 Fathers’ involvement in the decision-making process to co-sleep

Sarah P. Kruse, Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton Victoria, Australia; Levita D’Souza, Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton Victoria, Australia; Sandy Stewart, Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton Victoria, Australia, Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia

Background & Aim: In Australia, parent-child co-sleeping is not viewed favourably. Parents can experience discouragement and judgment for co-sleeping which can impact their wellbeing and mental health. The decision to co-sleep impacts both parents in the relationship, however, how fathers are involved in the decision-making process around co-sleeping has not been explored, nor how fathers’ attitudes towards co-sleeping may influence wellbeing within the family.
The aim of this study was to explore how the decision to co-sleep is made by parents, and from a fathers’ preceptive, their involvement in this process, what their attitudes are, who or what they are influenced by, and what effect their attitude has on family functioning.

Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 7 couples (interviewed together) who were currently co-sleeping with at least one child and were living in Australia. Data was analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA).

Results: Fathers tend to be led to the decision to co-sleep by their partners, taking the view that as mothers are the primary nighttime caregivers, and what works best for them should be practiced. Data also showed that fathers comfortably trust the research that their partner does regarding co-sleeping. Fathers learn much about co-sleeping through their partners and do not appear to actively seek or receive information on sleep. The acceptance of co-sleeping by fathers appears to be a protective factor against low parental self-efficacy and anxiety for their partners who encounter more judgement about the decision to co-sleep than fathers. For fathers who co-sleep, they discuss the benefits of sleeping well and feeling good about being able to take the role of the supportive partner.    

Conclusions & Implications: While the decision to co-sleep appears driven by the maternal caregivers, fathers’ acceptance, trust, and support of their partners’ is important in positive family functioning and satisfaction.

3.4 Fathers’ shared book reading and early home literacy activities with young infants

Cheryl Jialing Ho, University of Wollongong; Elisabeth Duursma, Western Sydney University; Jane S. Herbert, University of Wollongong

Background & Aims: Parents are highly recommended to engage in developmentally appropriate early home literacy activities, such as shared book reading, singing, and storytelling, with their infants from an early age. Although there is ample research on mother-child book reading, little is known about fathers’ participation in home literacy activities during children’s early years. The present study aims to examine the frequency of shared book reading activities, specific book reading behaviours, singing and storytelling activities between fathers and infants within the first three years of life.

Method: Seventy-two fathers from five different English-speaking countries, with young children ranging between 1- to 33-months (M = 17.99, SD = 9.14), completed a survey comprising demographic questions and home literacy activities, including shared book reading.

Results: Almost all fathers (97%) reported to engage in shared book reading with their children, with 50% of fathers reading with their infants at least five times per week. Seventy-nine percent of infants were read to before the age of 12 months, with 50% of fathers citing bonding with their child as the primary motivation behind these early reading habits. Beyond reading the written text, fathers also reported using various book reading behaviours, including pointing, engaging in immediate talk, non-immediate talk and affectionate/nurturing behaviours, asking questions, and responding contingently to infants’ vocalisations. Storytelling was a less frequent literacy activity (18% reported at least five times per week), while 58% of fathers frequently sang songs to their infants at least five times per week.

Conclusion & Implications: These findings highlight the increasing prevalence and diverse nature of fathers' participation in early home literacy activities. These insights underscore the need for continued exploration of fathers’ unique contribution and active encouragement of paternal engagement in fostering a rich early home literacy environment for infants in the first few years of life.

3.5 Effects of father trait anger and exposure to prolonged infant cry on key indicators of father sensitive responding

Lauren M Francis, Deakin University; Jacqui A Macdonald, Deakin University

Background & Aims: Trait anger can impact emotional states, appraisals of others, and cognition. Investigating the impacts of father trait anger may elucidate antecedents of paternal problematic or insensitive responses to infant distress.

Methods: Participants (N = 368 fathers) were randomly allocated to listen to infant cry, infant babble, or a non-infant-related control condition (pink noise) while completing an online assessment (for on average 11.30 minutes) of cognitive scope, impulse control, or mentalising. Trait anger (pre-exposure), angry emotional state (pre- and post-exposure), and appraisals of the recorded infant’s temperament and intentions (post-exposure) were assessed.

Results: Post-exposure, fathers exposed to the infant crying condition were more likely to feel angry, feel like expressing anger verbally, and to appraise the infant more negatively than fathers exposed to a babbling infant. The crying infant was appraised as having less positive intent than the babbling infant, but not as having more negative intent. Post-exposure, fathers with elevated levels of trait anger were more likely to feel angry, feel like expressing anger verbally, feel like expressing anger physically, and to appraise the infant as having a more negative temperament than fathers with lower levels. Trait anger did not predict appraisals of infant intent. Neither trait anger nor exposure to infant cry impacted indicators of cognitive performance.

Conclusions & Implications: Interventions targeted at regulating responses to infant distress may help to reduce father angry affect and appraisals of infant negative temperament. It may also be important to target intervention for men who have high levels of trait anger. The absence of any evidence that father trait anger and exposure to infant cry impact cognitive performance was a promising indicator of the resilience of fathers' cognitive processes, however this study was one of the first to investigate these relationships and more research is needed.

FATHERS’ MENTAL HEALTH & WELLBEING

4.1 The Working Out Dads Trial to promote mental health in early fatherhood: Who participated?

Rebecca Giallo, Deakin University; Casey Hosking, Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Le Ann Williams, Tweddle Child & Family Health Service; on behalf of the Working Out Dads Trial Investigator Group

Background & Aims: Although one in ten men experience mental health difficulties during the early years of fatherhood, few evidence-based interventions targeting fathers’ mental health are available. To address this gap, Tweddle Child and Family Health Service developed Working Out Dads (WOD), a facilitated peer support group intervention to promote fathers’ mental health. A trial is under way to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of WOD in reducing fathers’ mental health difficulties compared to usual care (brief telephone consultation with a health professional). Recruitment was completed in late 2023. This presentation will describe the demographic characteristics, mental health, and social risk factors of fathers who participate in the study. We will share our learnings about the recruitment of fathers to an intervention project.

Methods: A parallel-arm randomised controlled trial is currently under way. Recruitment of fathers of young children (aged 0-4 years) was completed in 2023. Self-report surveys about their mental health using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) and psychosocial risk factors for poor mental health were completed at screening and baseline.

Results: We will share results about the recruitment, consent and randomisation process. The WOD cohort profile for 294 fathers who were randomised to the intervention conditions will be presented. We will describe the demographic characteristics, mental health, and social risk factors of the sample.

Conclusion & Implications: This is the first effectiveness trial of a novel group-based peer support intervention to reduce mental health difficulties among men in early fatherhood. We will reflect on what has worked to recruit and engage fathers in the study.

4.2 The service development of a partner pathway for perinatal mental health services in the UK

Suzy Hodgson presenting on behalf of Amy Jenkin, Sheffield Health and Social Care Trust, UK. Rosie Martin, Lecturer, Sheffield Hallam University

Background & Aims: In the UK, the NHS Long Term Plan recommends the assessment of wellbeing of the partners of women involved with perinatal mental health services. Acknowledging the significant benefits to the family unit and to wider society of fathers being healthy and present in their children’s lives, an urban perinatal mental health service aimed to develop their partner offer. In July 2022, underpinned by the principles of co-production, service users, their partners, perinatal mental health practitioners and practice stakeholders participated in a consultation event to inform the development of the offer.
 
Description: A series of focus groups consisting of participants with similar experiences was facilitated by the research and service provider team. Fathers, mothers, service providers and other stakeholders participated in separate focus groups to explore what might work for who, and in what context. Data was treated with a pragmatic approach to amplify the voices of the participants.

Impact: Both a couple focussed and an individual approach to supporting new fathers and partners was identified with some form of peer support seen as essential. New fathers and partners need to have their own feelings of distress validated and be acknowledged as a significant support person in their partners recovery. Fathers needed their own space to decompress, have some time out and explore ways to find their previous selves again to enable them to continue to positively support their partners. More information about perinatal mental health problems is needed by prospective parents during pregnancy. The mental health of new fathers and partners requires specific attention within evolving perinatal mental health services. The provision of support for partners should be well resourced to prevent an additional burden to already busy perinatal mental health practitioners.

4.3 Paternal perinatal mental health support and care: Public and professional qualitative exploration

Miss Ashleigh Watkins, Newcastle University; Dr. Catherine El-Zerbi, Newcastle University; Dr. Ruth McGovern, Newcastle University; Prof. Judith Rankin, Newcastle University

Background & Aims: Fathers experience many lifestyle adjustments within the transition to fatherhood that can be considerably stressful increasing their likelihood to develop mental health conditions. No comprehensive approach to assessing fathers’ mental health needs within the perinatal period currently exists. This qualitative study aims to explore fathers and professionals’ experiences and perspectives of current paternal perinatal mental health support and care, identifying fathers support needs and potential recommendations specific to improving paternal perinatal support to inform future development of interventions of all parenting experiences.

Method: This study employed a qualitative primary data collection methodology. Fathers (biological/adopted) within North East North Cumbria, UK (NENC), who had a child in the past 3 years, as well as professionals associated with perinatal mental health and supporting family’s services (VCSE or Social Care services NENC), were invited to participate. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with 21 fathers and 9 professionals between May 2023 – September 2023. Transcribed data was analysed using reflexive thematic analysis taking a critical realist approach to identify key themes.

Results: Key concepts and themes within the findings were: 1) ‘Removing the cloak of fatherhood invisibility’, 2) “The pregnant man” Maternal physical loss and paternal mental gain, 3) “A jigsaw without the pieces missing” Encompassing a whole family approach’, 4) ‘Universal formal fatherhood clinical pathway’, and 5) ‘Adaptation of service engagement preparatory to support’.

Conclusions & Implications: Services, systems, and policies need to be updated to support fatherhood modernised societal viewpoints, such as active caregiving approaches and celebration of masculine emotional vulnerability, with professionals and services also adopting a whole family approach challenging fatherhood exclusion. By developing formal clinical pathways catered to fathers may remove suppressed paternal perinatal mental health awareness and increase acceptance of support from fathers contributing to a healthy transition dynamic for the whole family.

4.4 Paternal perinatal depression and wellbeing: Examining cross-sectional predictors and longitudinal trajectories

Ed O'Connor, CSIRO; Ian Zajac, CSIRO; Emily Brindal, CSIRO; Naomi Kakoschke, CSIRO

Background & Aims: Qualitative data portrays a complex picture of mental health among new fathers, with increased distress coexisting with states of profound mental wellbeing. In this study, we investigated the shared and unique predictors of depressive symptoms and wellbeing during the perinatal period. Controlling for lifetime mental health diagnoses and perinatal depressive symptoms, we also investigated whether greater perinatal wellbeing was associated with future depressive symptoms. 

Method: Data from all four waves of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health (i.e., Ten to Men) was used for both analyses. Predictors of perinatal depression (PHQ-9) and wellbeing (Personal Wellbeing Index) were investigated using decision-tree analyses (n = 900). Separate models were fit for each outcome, with predictors including a range of socio-demographic factors, health-related behaviours, and recent life events. Generalised linear modelling, controlling for baseline depressive symptoms and lifetime mental health diagnoses, was used to investigate whether perinatal mental wellbeing was associated with future depressive symptoms (n = 493).

Results: Men with no history of mental health diagnoses, who reported greater social support and fewer co-occurring traumatic life events also exhibited favourable outcomes for depression and wellbeing. Individual behavioural factors (e.g., physical activity, sleep, diet) did not appear as important differentiators of either outcome. Greater perinatal wellbeing was associated with lower depressive symptoms at follow-up (p<0.001).

Conclusion & Implications
Men who experience greater social support during the perinatal period also exhibit greater mental wellbeing and lower depressive symptoms, especially in those with fewer concurrent life events to manage and no prior mental health diagnoses. In contrast, lifestyle behavioural factors did not appear to differentiate either outcome. Greater mental wellbeing during the perinatal period may provide unique protective effects against future paternal depression. Interventions should promote greater wellbeing in addition to reducing distress, with social support a promising intervention target.

4.5 The indirect role of family-work conflict & sleep disturbance on paternal perinatal mental distress

Jasleen Chhabra, Federation University & Manna Institute

Background & Aims: Though associations between adherence to traditional masculine norms has been purported to be associated with men’s experiences of perinatal mental distress, few studies have sought to identify the mechanisms through which this association manifests. This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms that influence the relationship between masculine gender role stress and perinatal mental distress in Australian fathers.

Method: A total of 525 Australian participants were recruited in the current study which explored the role of family-work conflict and sleep disturbances on the association between adherence to masculine gender norms and paternal perinatal mental distress.

Results: A mediation analysis revealed that family-work conflict and sleep disturbances significantly mediated the relationship between MGRS and paternal perinatal mental distress. However, work-family conflict despite being significantly correlated with both masculine gender role stress and paternal perinatal mental distress did not mediate their relationship.

Conclusion & Implications: The results from this study provide an insight into that fathers who strongly associate with the traditional masculine roles are more likely to experience family-work conflict and sleep disturbances which may impact their perinatal mental health. Thus, stakeholders such as service providers and mental healthcare professionals should consider fathers' conformity to traditional masculine norms as a potential factor which is likely to influence their perinatal mental health.

4.6 Road-testing the 'New Dads Project': a 4-session pilot intervention for new fathers experiencing adjustment and mental health difficulties in the postnatal period

Den Davies-Cotter CNC (lead author and presenter) Dr Julanne Frater (principal investigator) Sam Adhikary (research assistant)

Background: Traditionally most of the perinatal parental interventions have almost entirely focused on the mother of the infant. However, as research indicates, 1 in 10 new fathers report signs of depression, anxiety and adjustment issues in the postnatal period (Paulson, J.F & Bazemore, S.D. 2010). The Mater Hospital South Brisbane is the largest birthing hospital in Queensland, averaging 10000 births per annum, and mothers can access postnatal psychological support via the onsite parent support center, however there are no support programs available to males.

Aim: This project aimed to establish a father specific perinatal mental health intervention at Mater Hospital.

Method: Commencing in August 2021, Mater perinatal clinicians invited new fathers, identified as having perinatal mental concerns, to attend 4 X 1 hour (weekly sessions) pilot program “The New Dads Project” (NDP). At commencement of the program we collected baseline measures (DASS21, EPDS, Global Health Index and parenting confidence questionnaire) and in each subsequent session addressed the challenges of early fatherhood, changes to relationships and family dynamics and improving mental health self-care strategies. In the final session we repeated DASS21 and EPDS questionnaires and discussed on-referrals where necessary.

Results: Data from the first 17 participants of the NDP indicates that once fathers engage in the program, not only do they complete the 4 sessions, but also demonstrate significant improvements in their baseline mental health. When compared to baseline scores, participants demonstrated significantly reduced EPDS scores and reduced stress scores on the DASS-21.

Conclusion and Implications: these preliminary results underscore the importance of having treatment options available for both parents. Since the development of the NDP we have also developed the “NDP manual” which will serve as a user-friendly tool for clinicians wishing to deliver the NDP program at Mater, and other organisations.

DIVERSITY OF FATHERS

5.1 Supporting dads to help distressed mums

Richard Fletcher, University of Newcastle

Background: Fathers are often the first line of support for mothers who have struggling with depression or anxiety in the perinatal period. Yet fathers are not recognised as potential supports in the health system responses to maternal mental ill-health. The SMS4dads program worked with Perinatal Anxiety and Depression Australia (PANDA)to develop text messages specifically for fathers in this situation. The response to the offer of extra support specifically to help with a distressed partner and the evaluation of the messages provides evidence for the important role fathers have in addressing maternal mental distress.

Method: Fathers enrolled in SMS4dads can indicate if their partner is overwhelmed and request additional support messages ‘to help you help her’. The 30 messages and linked resources developed with Perinatal Anxiety and Distress Australia (PANDA) contain an evaluation text with numerical response (1= helpful 2 = not sure 3 = unhelpful. Any comments?) and an exit survey at the conclusion. A sample of fathers who had received at least 10 weeks of messages were asked if they would consent to a brief interview.

Results: Between May and November more than 1000 fathers requested the additional messages and greater than 90% of the fathers rate the messages as useful. At the conference presentation, interview material will be used to illustrate father's appraisal of the brief messaging and how their suggestions for improvement will be configured in future support.

Conclusion & Implications
Fathers recognise the distress in their partners and wish to help. Appropriately designed digital support can assist in addressing maternal mental illness. Future studies should evaluate the mothers’ pathways to care from the text-based support to fathers.

5.2 Usability and acceptability of videos to support culturally and linguistically diverse fathers

Dr Rakime Elmir, Western Sydney university, Professor Virginia Schmied, Western Sydney University, Steven Kennedy, Prepare Foundation, Associate Professor Alka Kothari, Redcliffe Hospital & The University of Queensland, Vincent Mancini, Telethon Kids

Background: In Western Societies fathers/partners are expected to be present at the birth of their child and provide support for their partners. Research demonstrates that fathers have a significant impact on maternal well-being. The challenges faced by fathers in the perinatal period can be even greater for fathers who are from CALD backgrounds particularly men who are recent migrants or refugees because the social and cultural expectations of fathers differ across cultures. The ability to seek support can be influenced by religion and culture including an understanding of gender roles, faith and socio-economic status. Fathers can influence the health and wellbeing of the children they care for. However, there are limited studies on the usability and acceptability of resources that support their health and wellbeing.

Aim: To evaluate the usability and acceptability of video resources (co-designed with fathers) for supporting culturally and linguistically diverse fathers in their transition to parenthood.

Description: We were interested in understanding how user-friendly and acceptable these videos are for CALD fathers and if they can help support fathers maintain their health and wellbeing and seek support when needed. A Qualtrics software program was used to design an online survey. Eight-five Australian and International participants were recruited through the Prolific database. Demographic data were obtained. Participants were randomly allocated to watch 2 of 5 videos and asked to respond to 28 questions per video and one qualitative question. Data is currently being analysed, and the survey results and qualitative findings will be presented at the conference.

Impact: The purpose of this study was to better understand the usability and acceptability of videos created as resources for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) fathers to support them in their transition to parenthood and to enable them to come forward to seek support. The validation of the videos as user-friendly and acceptable from an international and Australian sample provides health professionals with reassurance to utilise the videos in their education with CALD fathers. There is also potential for the videos to be translated across cultures to capture a wider sample of CALD fathers they may benefit from the videos.

5.3 The lost boys: Mapping the educational trajectories of young fathers in the UK

Professor Anna Tarrant University of Lincoln, Nicola J. Pierce University of Lincoln

Background and Aims: There is little research on the educational trajectories of young fathers, aged 25 and under or how education systems support young men who become fathers during compulsory schooling age. This study aimed to explore the trajectories of young fathers through secondary education to explore the extent to which young fathers are supported to complete their compulsory education and beyond.

Method: Secondary analysis of qualitative longitudinal interview data generated from the Following Young Fathers study with young fathers aged up to twenty-five years old has been undertaken. These have been analysed to identify how young fathers experienced change and continuities in their education after they became fathers, and how the young fathers felt about their own educational trajectories.

Results: Preliminary findings suggest that young fathers are left behind by the education system in the UK. The data suggests that these young men are encouraged to leave school early and find work in order to support their new families, confirming the narrow societal view of fathers as breadwinners who lack educational aspirations.   In some cases, they are excluded from mainstream schooling as a result of stigma and stereotypes that they have engaged in reckless and irresponsible behaviour. Furthermore, if they are allowed to remain in school, they are not supported by the educational establishment to attend ante-natal appointments or parenting education.

Conclusion & Implications: As a result of these initial investigations, further research is needed to encourage secondary schools in their duty to continue to educate young fathers of compulsory schooling age. Interrogation of UK education policy is required to determine whether schools are acting within their statutory duty and to ascertain the extent to which current policies and governance structures assist or hinder this duty.

5.4 Parenting from prison: Innovative ways of maintaining connection with children, families and significant others

Anna Clancy, Centacare Catholic Family Services, South Australia; Mike Maguire, University of South Wales, UK; Corin Morgan-Armstrong, G4S Care and Rehabilitation Services, UK

This presentation describes and discusses ‘Invisible Walls’(IW), a pioneering ‘whole family’ approach to enhancing imprisoned fathers’ ties with their children and families. It summarises earlier evaluation findings on the Big Lottery-funded Invisible Walls Wales (IWW) project in HM Prison and YOI Parc, Wales, UK, which evidenced significant positive outcomes for fathers, partners and their children. Reoffending rates are not yet available but are anticipated to be low. However, the key strength of the project, it is argued, lies in its emphasis on the ‘whole family’ as the main beneficiary, rather than focusing narrowly on rehabilitation of the father. The ‘ripple effect’ of the project upon policy will also be discussed, together with a review of its influence upon the culture and practice of other agencies and the impetus this has raised in engaging and educating community-based services to support children of prisoners. The presentation will conclude with a discussion of the model’s evolution since the research was completed in 2017. In Parc, partnerships with schools now play a significant part, while a further important development has been efforts to break down silos and make ‘family’ services available to all people in prison and their ‘significant others’. The talk will also address the problem of replicating or adapting successful local projects on a much larger scale; experience from IW suggests that this can be helped by individual establishments exchanging ideas, but achieving and sustaining high volumes of beneficiaries requires commitment and investment by government, combined with culture and attitude change at local level.

FATHERS & GENDER CONFORMITY

6.1 The impact of fathers’ conformity to masculine norms on children’s mental health

Vincent Mancini, Telethon Kids Institute; Thom Nevill, Telethon Kids Institute; Joshua Kildahl, Telethon Kids Institute; Bruce Robinson, University of Western Australia

Background and Aims: Child mental health is influenced by parental caregiving behaviours. The pattern and quality of caregiving behaviours are also shaped by internal processes, including beliefs about parenting practices. Among fathers, conformity to traditional western masculine norms may perpetuate gendered-beliefs around children’s emotion socialization, compromising parent-child relationship quality and predisposing these children to increased psychosocial risk. This study explored whether fathers’ conformity to masculine norms is associated with children’s mental health problems via gendered emotion beliefs and parent-child relationship quality.

Methods: Convenience sampling procedures were used to recruit 141 fathers of children aged 3-17 years (79.4% male; 20.6% female). Fathers completed an online survey measuring conformity to masculine norms, parents’ gendered emotion beliefs, parent-child relationship quality, and children’s mental health problems.

Results: Analysis of this cross-sectional data revealed significant indirect effects. Greater conformity to masculine norms was indirectly associated with higher levels of child mental health problems via an increased belief that mothers were superior at supporting their children’s emotion socialization, which was associated with higher conflict in father-child relationships. Conformity to masculine norms was also associated with lower father-child closeness and higher father-child conflict via gendered beliefs about parent emotion socialization.

Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that children with fathers who strongly adhere to traditional masculine norms may be at increased psychosocial risk due to higher father-child conflict. Implications: The identification of strategies that can shift these fathers away from unhelpful masculine norms and gendered beliefs may lead to improved parent-child relationships, optimizing opportunities for positive child mental health.

6.2 Who do fathers perform emotion work for, and how does it make them feel?

Roger Patulny, HKBU

Background & Aims: Despite reported improvements in father’s engagement in family life in recent decades, the world of their emotional connection with family and community has not been sufficiently studied or updated in recent times. It is unclear whether fathers engage in emotional work (Hochschild; EW) with family and friends to the same, lesser or greater degree than mothers or non-fathers; which kinds of family and friends fathers choose to support with their emotional energies; and whether there are substantial differences between younger fathers with dependent children versus older fathers whose children have left home. It is also unclear whether these acts of support are emotionally nurturing for fathers, improving their wellbeing, or are seen instead as an undesirable and even dreary family duty

Method: I undertake descriptive and regression analysis of data on the performance of interpersonal emotion work (i.e. supportive emotional work done for and upon another) for family members and friends, comparing Australian fathers, mothers, and non-parents using national data from the Australian Survey of Social Attitudes (AUSSA).

Results: Preliminary results show that mothers and non-parent women are (still) more likely to perform EW for children than fathers and non-parent men. However, younger fathers with dependent children are more likely than any other category of men or women to perform EW to support their partners, implying that many young fathers are supporting mothers to support their children (and thus indirectly supporting their children). Non-parent men and women are more likely to provide emotional family support in the other way – for their parents. The impact of on the subjective wellbeing (i.e. perceived happiness) of parents is mixed. EW is generally associated with lower levels of happiness (suggesting its labour-like negative qualities may too often outweigh its emotional connective positive qualities). However, there is variation, with potentially greater happiness amongst younger fathers who look after children, but greater unhappiness amongst older fathers performing EW for children and non-parent men performing EW for other relatives.

Conclusion & Implications: These findings suggest that while fathers are still not caring emotionally for children to the same degree as mothers, there is evident potential for closing this gap in the future. Younger fathers are clearly more emotionally engaged than older generations of fathers, and are emotionally supportive of their partners do the care work for children. They also appear to be happier with life when engaged in emotional child-support activities, and unhappier when disconnected from them. This suggests fertile ground for building campaigns to further engage fathers in emotional care work. 

6.3 Paternal affection, masculinity and fathers’ parenting self-efficacy: Findings from an Australian cohort

Jennifer M StGeorge, Fathers and Families Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia Liam G Graeme, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia Elisabeth Duursma, TeEACH Research Centre, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia Liana Leach, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia Jacqui A Macdonald, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

Background. Parenting self-efficacy is defined as a parent’s belief in their ability to effectively perform the parenting role. It has potential to either buffer or exacerbate other family adversities and influences, and via these processes, influence children’s development. However, how parenting efficacy develops in men is under-researched. Models of fathering suggest that fathers’ parenting practices and beliefs such as parenting self-efficacy develop through a complex interaction of individual and social factors. We focus on two important individual factors that may influence parenting self-efficacy: men’s recollection of childhood affection received from their own father, and men’s cultural beliefs about masculinity.

Method. Data were obtained from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health (Ten to Men), Wave 1 and Wave 2 of the adult age group. The analytic sample size was n = 7,901, and participants were selected from the larger dataset if they had children &lt;18 years. Using a retrospective design, linear regression models tested associations between recalled paternal affection and parenting-self efficacy, and conformity to masculine norms and parenting self-efficacy. Moderation effects of selected covariates were explored in 23 separate models.

Results. After adjustment for covariates and prior depression, recalled paternal affection was significantly associated with greater parenting self-efficacy. The masculine norms ‘winning’ and ‘risk taking’ were positively associated with greater parenting efficacy, whereas the masculine norms of ‘emotional control’, ‘violence’, ‘playboy’, and ‘power over women’ were associated with lower parenting efficacy. Concerning interactions, after adjustment, none of the masculine norms influenced the relationship between recalled affection and parenting self-efficacy.

Conclusion. The study demonstrated that men’s parenting self-efficacy is linked to their recalled quality of their childhood relationship with their father, suggestive of an intergenerational link. Our findings suggest that men may require additional support to normalise and reinforce changing expectations of fathers in ways that enhance their parenting self-efficacy.

6.4 Men's (re)construction of fatherhood: From masculine gender roles to egalitarian gender roles

Jasleen Chhabra, Federation University & Manna Institute

Background & Aims: Traditional definitions of a ‘good’ father prioritised almost exclusively their role as the breadwinner and the protector of the family. However, in many countries, including Australia, fathers are still rewarded for fulfilling their role as breadwinners but are also often expected to contribute to caregiving responsibilities. The internal conflict between the traditional masculine gender role and contemporary egalitarian gender roles may be a source of distress for fathers as they navigate parenthood. The aim of this article is to explore whether men are reconstructing their traditional gender roles during fatherhood to promote egalitarian gender roles to reduce their masculine gender role stress.

Method: A total of 13 fathers were interviewed in-depth using interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Results: During the interviews with participants, two dominant themes emerged. The first theme, a journey from breadwinner to (equal) partners articulated how men are reconstructing fatherhood which is physically, emotionally, and mentally satisfying to them. In this narrative, participants spoke about mirroring aspects of fatherhood from their own fathers while also integrating traditional feminine roles such as childcaring into their reconstructed fatherhood. The second theme, culture, gender role and fatherhood articulated the difficulties some participants faced when they reconstructed fatherhood after their immigration.

Conclusion & implications: The results from this study suggests that fathers acknowledged their roles as breadwinners while also embracing emotional connections and caregiving responsibilities of their children, resulting in a reconstructed image of fatherhood. Also, the findings from this study suggest that while there appears to be a collective move towards egalitarian gender roles, men may still express their perinatal stress using masculine gender roles.