PRESENTATION SESSION 1 - PATERNAL MENTAL HEALTH
Oral presentations
Measuring Psychosocial Risk of Fathers in the Perinatal Period: A Scoping review.
Ms Suzanne Schilder, University of Wollongong; A/Prof Jane S. Herbert, UOW; Dr Nicole Reilly UOW
Background & Aims. A range of psychosocial risk factors influence the development of mental health conditions in fathers within the perinatal period. There is growing acknowledgement that health and welfare service providers often fail to effectively engage with or assess fathers for the presence of these risks. Simultaneously, there are increasing calls for father-centric perinatal psychosocial risk screening tools to be developed and utilised. The aims of this research are to 1) identify measures developed to assess psychosocial risk factors that are likely to lead to poor mental health in expectant or new fathers. 2) assess the reported psychometric qualities of the available measures. Method. A scoping review was conducted, following PRISMA SCR guidelines. A PICOS framework was used to formulae and refine the research questions and search parameters. Study inclusion criteria were a) reported on a measure of psychosocial risk (checklist, assessment tool, series of questions) used during pregnancy or within the first 5 years postpartum, b) respondents were fathers aged 16 years or older, c) measure sample size > 20; d) addressed one or more of the outcomes of interest. Results. 989 papers were identified in the initial search. Full text consideration was given to 75 articles, with 11 currently evaluated as meeting the full inclusion criteria. Overall, information regarding validity, reliability, and acceptability of available measures was limited. A number of measures were also narrow in scope and did not address the breadth of risk domains that recent systematic reviews have identified as important to the mental health of fathers. Conclusion & Implications: This scoping review identified several psychosocial risk assessment measures that varied in scope, quality and utility. This review will support the future development of research that aims to develop and evaluate evidence-based psychosocial risk measures that are acceptable to fathers and healthcare professionals.
Fathers in Australia: A longitudinal study of fathers’ psychological problems, and associations with children’s social-emotional development.
YooMi Byun, Queensland University of Technology; Kate Williams, Sue Walker
Background: The role of fathers has changed significantly in most developed societies over time, with increasing paternal involvement in children’s early years over the last 60 years. Research shows that fathers’ psychological problems are associated with children’s social-emotional outcomes. The current research aims to investigate the longitudinal patterns of fathers’ psychological problems and relationships with children’s social-emotional development. Method: This study uses data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children Birth cohort (N = 5,107) across Wave 1 (children aged birth to 12 months) to Wave 5 (8-9 years old) to examine changes over time in fathers’ reports of psychological problems, and associations with children’s social-emotional outcomes. The current study applied a latent growth curve modelling approach to explore the longitudinal patterns of Australian fathers’ psychological problems and the association with children’s social-emotional outcomes adjusting for fathers’ sociodemographic characteristics. Results: A latent growth curve model indicated that fathers’ psychological problems decreased across their child’s first seven years of life. Children of fathers who spoke a language other than English had a higher initial level of psychological problems. There was a significant association between the initial level and the rate of change of fathers’ psychological problems and children’s internalising problem at 8-9 years. In addition, the father’s initial psychological problems were associated with children’s externalising behaviour problems and prosocial skills at 8-9 years. Implication: The findings reinforce the role of fathers’ mental health in children’s development and the importance of programs that support such. In addition, the current results suggest there is a critical time point for policymakers and practitioners to implement paternal policies and intervention programs for fathers.
“It’s a lot of pain you’ve got to hide”: a qualitative study of the journey of fathers facing traumatic pregnancy and childbirth.
Kothari, A, Redcliffe Hospital, University of Queensland; Bruxner, G, Callaway, L, Dulhunty, J M
Background. This study aims to explore the emotional and behavioural responses and coping strategies of fathers or expectant fathers who faced a significant traumatic event during a partner's pregnancy, labour, or the postpartum period. Methods. This prospective qualitative study of 24 fathers was conducted at a public teaching hospital in Brisbane, Australia. ‘Traumatic pregnancy’ was defined as a pregnancy complicated by life-threatening or severe risk to the mother and the fetus, termination of pregnancy, intrauterine fetal death or stillbirth. Semi-structured interviews of participants were conducted 3-4 months after the traumatic event. An initial qualitative analysis with automatic coding was performed using Leximancer and later followed by a six-phase manual thematic analysis. Results. A pregnancy-related traumatic event had significant mental and physical impacts on fathers. Participants' reactions and coping strategies were varied and influenced by their background history, pre-existing vulnerabilities, and the gap between expectation and reality. Most fathers described a fluctuating state between their needs 'not being met' and 'being met'. These needs were conceptualised using Maslow’s hierarchy and Calman’s gap theory to construct a composite thematic model to depict the universal requirements of men facing a traumatic pregnancy or childbirth. Conclusion. A greater understanding of the needs of men and gaps in their care is urgently needed. A targeted effort is required to make maternity services father-inclusive. This approach may assist in preventing long term consequences on fathers, partners, and their children.
Fathers’ experiences of parenting and family-work life balance through the lens of COVID-19 lockdown
Jane S. Herbert, University of Wollongong; Eden Dwyer, University of Wollongong; Annaleise S. Mitchell, University of Wollongong; Amy L Bird, University of Auckland; Elisabeth Duursma, University of Wollongong
Background & Aims: Despite changing attitudes to father involvement in caregiving, the amount of time spent engaging in care and leisure activities with children remains consistently lower for many fathers than mothers in dual-parent cis-gender households. The physical isolation (“lockdown”) measures experienced during the first wave of COVID-19 created a unique family context and working structure for many Australian parents. This study aimed to explore fathers' views on their relationship with their children and family-work life balance following their lockdown experience. Method: Fifteen Australian fathers participated in an individual semi-scripted interview. The interview protocol explored their time spent with their children both before and during lockdown, reflections on their child and themselves as a parent, contribution in the household, and attitudes towards flexible working. Results: Four themes were identified from the interviews: an ongoing desire to be present as a father, lockdown as an opportunity, growing awareness of the importance their children placed on their presence, and perceived barriers to obtaining time with their children. Three subthemes of barriers were identified: the presence of a traditional stigma in the workforce, a perspective of themselves as the “assistant” in the household, and the pressures of being a father. Conclusion & Implications: Fathers perceived conflicting pressures from their workplace and at home that had impacted on their opportunity and ability to spend time with their children. Lockdown provided the opportunity for some fathers to re-evaluate their family-work balance. Many fathers felt that the experience had brought them and their children closer together and expressed hope that they would continue to play a more active role in parenting after lockdown. Further research is needed to assess whether fathers’ goals surrounding family and work life informs their actions in the future and the social and structural supports needed to drive desired change.
Poster presentations
Mentalising as a mediator of the relationships between trait anger in men and subsequent emotional bond and involvement with infants; preliminary results.
Lauren M Francis, Deakin University; Jacqui A Macdonald, Deakin University
Background/Aims: Trait anger reflects a tendency to feel and express irritation, annoyance, and rage, and involves a narrowing of cognition and attention. This narrowed scope may impact the capacity to understand the mental states of oneself and others (mentalising). Trait anger is related to patience and tolerance in the father-infant bond. We aimed to investigate if mentalising explained the relationship between trait anger and both father-infant bonding and paternal involvement in childcare. Method: Data were from the Australian Men and Parenting Pathways (MAPP) study. Trait anger was measured with the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 at wave 1. The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire measured mentalising at wave 3. Participants were eligible if they were a father to an infant under 18-months-of-age at wave 3, 4, or 5, when participants reported their father-infant bonding with the Paternal Postnatal Attachment Scale and completed the Paternal Involvement in Childcare scale. Participants were 167 fathers (age M=30.05, SD=1.37) of 196 infants. We conducted two longitudinal path models, both with trait anger as the predictor and mentalising as the mediator. The first model with father-infant bond and involvement in childcare as the outcomes, the second model with the components of the father-infant bond as outcomes. Results: Trait anger predicted both patience and tolerance and pleasure in interactions in the father-infant bond, and those relationships were mediated by mentalising. However, neither trait anger nor mentalising predicted fathers’ involvement in childcare. Conclusion/Implications: We found that men’s trait anger impacts two components of the father-infant bond and their capacity for mentalising explains those relationships. Thus, intervention to protect the father-infant bond from the effects of trait anger may find success in targeting mentalising. Also, trait anger does not appear to be related to the extent that men are involved in the care of their infant children.
Co-parenting and Parenting Behaviour: The Role of Parent Mental Health for Mothers and Fathers in the Postnatal Period
Madison Lee Schulz, Swinburne University of Technology and Murdoch Children's Research Institute; A/Prof. Catherine Wood, Swinburne University of Technology; A/Prof. Rebecca Giallo, Deakin University and Murdoch Children's Research Institute
Background and Aims: Co-parenting is central to family functioning and is associated with parent mental health and parenting behaviour. While much of this research has focussed on mothers of school-aged children, few studies have investigated the relationships between co-parenting, parent mental health, and parenting behaviour in the postnatal period. This is particularly so for fathers. To address this gap, the aim of the current study was to investigate the relationships between co-parenting, parent mental health and parenting behaviour for both mothers and fathers in the postnatal period informed by Feinberg’s (2003) ecological model of co-parenting. Method: Routinely collected self-report data from 138 mothers and 138 fathers participating in Family Foundations, a co-parenting intervention facilitated by a community health service in Melbourne were used. The baseline data pertaining to co-parenting, parent mental health and parenting warmth and hostility were used to test the conceptual model for mothers and fathers separately. Results: The model for fathers and fathers will be compared. Path analysis revealed that for mothers, more supportive co-parenting was associated with fewer mental health difficulties, and in turn low parenting hostility and high parenting warmth. For fathers, supportive co-parenting was associated with fewer mental health difficulties, which was associated with low parenting hostility but not parenting warmth. Importantly, co-parenting was also directly associated with parenting warmth and hostility for fathers. Conclusion and Implications: The findings highlighted some key differences between mothers and fathers, particularly the importance of a supportive and cooperative co-parenting relationship for fathers parenting behaviours. Programs to support couples in strengthening their co-parenting relationship are important because of the potential flow on effects for parent mental health and parenting behaviours. Interventions for fathers targeting the co-parenting relationship during early childhood are important to reduce hostile parenting and improve mental health.
Mental Health Ally Intervention for Paternal Mental Health Support
John Holmberg, University of Denver
Background. While elevations in maternal birth-related mental health problems are widely recognized and systems are in place to facilitate access to care, little has been developed for fathers. Like mothers, many fathers experience increased stress and associated elevations of mental health difficulties in response to pregnancy, childbirth, and caregiving. Poor paternal mental health is linked to negative and lasting impacts on parenting and child and family outcomes. Unlike mothers, fathers avoid and under-utilize health and mental health services (O’Brien et al., 2005; Schuppan et al., 2019). Stigma, traditional masculine values, low expectations for benefit, and lack of service awareness are barriers to men’s service engagement (Addis & Mahalik, 2003; Berger et al., 2012; Mansfield et al., 2003). While paternal interventions have been developed (Rominov et al., 2016), men’s reluctance to engage services will likely mitigate broad impacts. A mental-health-ally intervention, adapted to providers serving fathers (e.g., fatherhood program facilitators, barbers, bartenders, child support workers, etc.), has potential to reduce stigma and barriers while facilitating paternal mental health service engagement. Mental-health-ally training has not been studied in detail. Allyship has application in social issues such as equity, social justice, and work in GLBTQ+ and refugee populations (Brown & Ostrove, 2013; Melton & Hayden, 2018; Washington & Evans, 1992). Fatherhood facilitators and service providers regularly work with dads (Holmes et al., 2012). These programs start as early as pregnancy (Aponte Johnson et al., 2019), address specific stressors (Ocampo et al., 2021), and many serve predominantly low-income and minority fathers (Holmes et al., 2020; Pearson & Fagan, 2019). Method. This project will use a participant-informed intervention development approach to create a paraprofessional mental-health-ally intervention capable of reaching, informing and supporting fathers related to mental health problems and linking them to professional services. Results. Hypothesized outcomes are integration of the model in community services.
The Working Out Dads Trial: Progress on recruitment and learnings one year in!
Rebecca Giallo, Deakin University; Casey Hosking, and Le Ann Williams on behalf of the WOD Research Team
Background & Aims. Approximately one in ten men experience mental health difficulties during the early years of fatherhood. Despite this, few evidence-based interventions targeting fathers’ mental health are available. To address this gap, Tweddle Child and Family Health Service developed Working Out Dads (WOD), a facilitated peer support group intervention to promote fathers’ mental health. A trial has been planned in Victoria to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of WOD in reducing fathers’ mental health difficulties compared to usual care (a 30-min mental health and service focused phone consultation with a health professional). Methods. A parallel-arm randomised controlled trial is currently under way. A total of 280 fathers of young children (aged 0-4 years) who are experiencing mental health difficulties and/or are at risk of poor mental health are being recruited. The primary outcome is psychological distress symptoms, measured by the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), from baseline to 24 weeks post randomisation. A range of secondary outcomes will be assessed including suicidal ideation; mental health disorders, specific symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress; social support, quality of life, health service use, and health care costs. Results. We will present progress on the recruitment of fathers and data collection. We will describe the demographic characteristics, mental health, and social risk factors of fathers who have consented to participate in the study to date. Conclusion and/or Implications. This is the first effectiveness trial of a novel group-based peer support intervention to reduce mental health difficulties among men in early fatherhood. We will reflect on what has worked to recruit and engage fathers in the study.
PRESENTATION SESSION 2 - DIVERSITY IN FATHERING
Oral presentations
Do we need father-centric models of care?
Richard Fletcher, University of Newcastle
Background. The feminist movement of the 1960’s and 1970s challenged the medical dominance of pregnancy and birth services and advocated for women to be informed and consulted about their care. This activism led to policy directives such as those from WHO that “care for normal pregnancy and birth should be de-medicalized” and “care should involve women in decision-making” The WHO policy also included “Care should be family-centered and should be directed toward meeting the needs of not only the woman and her newborn but also of her partner and significant family or friends”. However, in contemporary Australian Health policies the item on family-centred care has been altered to “Care should be woman-centred. The focus of care should be meeting the needs of the woman and her baby. Each woman should negotiate the way that her partner and significant family or friends are involved. Description. The exclusive focus on the mother as the client of the health services has made fathers invisible in perinatal care, particularly when there is a stillbirth. Policies ignore the father’s connection to the stillborn baby, he is only offered bereavement care if he is one of the support people chosen by the mother. Existing policies regularly claim that they are adopting Woman-centred care but interpret this philosophy not only to advocate for the mother in situations where she faces possible medically-based interventions but to position the mother as the sole parent. Impact. Health care policies that exclusively address the mother render fathers invisible and prevent them obtaining care and support. In cases of stillbirth we now have considerable evidence from Australian studies on the devastating effect on fathers. However, our current policies ensure that fathers’ grief will remain invisible and untreated.
Rural fathers and SMS4dads - a narrative analysis
Jennifer StGeorge, University of Newcastle; Chris May, University of Newcastle; Richard Fletcher, University of Newcastle
Background. Pregnancy, birth and early infant care need timely and specialised attention for positive outcomes for babies and their parents. However, not all Australians have access to the services required during the perinatal period. Families in rural areas of Australia may have to travel 100s of kilometres to services, and 1000s of kilometres for high-risk birth services. M-health services may successfully provide support to expectant and new fathers in families, complementary to essential health services, by proving timely information on child and maternal health and wellbeing. This information may reduce perceptions of isolation and increase information resources available to rural families. Aim. The aim of this study is to explore the pregnancy and birth stories of rural men. Specifically, and how the m-health service, SMS4dads, a text-based intervention for antenatal and postpartum fathers consisting of brief messages addressing a father’s relationship with his baby, his relationship with and support of the baby’s mother and his own self-care, influenced their perceptions and experiences of pregnancy and birth in rural Australia. Method. A narrative analysis will be undertaken to extract the “core stories” (Emden, 1998) from interviews with 10 fathers living in rural Australia who have participated in SMS4dads. The core stories across all fathers will be concentrated into one core story, or, themes characterising the core stories will be drawn out of the analysis to characterise the experiences of these men. Conclusion and Implications. The themes arising from this analysis will be of relevance to professionals providing adjunct and essential services to families in rural Australia. Distance and isolation may be important factors that colour the experience of these families; equally, we expect that the “epiphany in the paddock” as described by Bowman, MacDonald and Fitzgerald (2013) will figure as a central theme.
Healthcare professionals’ experiences of working with culturally and linguistically diverse fathers during pregnancy, childbirth and infancy
Faye Forbes, Monash University; Karen Wynter, Deakin University; Berihun M Zeleke, Monash University; Jane Fisher, Monash University
Background & Aims: Increasingly Australian maternal, family and child services espouse the aim to be ‘father-inclusive’. However, fathers frequently cite feeling excluded during healthcare visits with their partners/infants, and report barriers to engaging in perinatal healthcare at the community, individual and healthcare service level. These barriers may be amplified in minority groups of men, such as those from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. Healthcare professionals are in a unique position to help men overcome barriers and engage them in perinatal healthcare. The study aimed to investigate the perceptions and experiences of healthcare professionals working with CALD families during pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum or the infant’s first year, in relation to fathers’ inclusion in perinatal healthcare. Method: Semi-structured interviews were held with healthcare professionals from any field engaging with families in the perinatal period. Interviews were thematically analysed and key themes reported. Results: Healthcare professionals recognized including fathers as important, as support for pregnant women, for their children, for their own mental health and to transform harmful gender roles. The risk of including fathers in appointments was the reduced opportunity to ask sensitive questions to women. Systemic gaps in the healthcare system’s ability to engage fathers, and particularly CALD fathers were identified. The ability of culturally diverse families to engage with healthcare services was impacted by the cultural competency of the services. Participants discussed administrative, physical and procedural aspects of perinatal healthcare delivery that prevent CALD fathers from engaging fully. Conclusions: Healthcare professionals demonstrated a willingness to include CALD fathers, however until healthcare policies and practices are adapted to consider the needs of all fathers, systems will not be truly father inclusive or culturally competent. Systems could be improved by adopting a whole-family approach which may entail including the father as a ‘patient’ in services, or co-designing healthcare with fathers.
A Systematic Review of Same Gender Couples’ Transition to First Time Parenthood: The perspectives and approaches of fathers
Dr Levita D'Souza, Monash University and Dr Ashlee Borgkvist, University of South Australia
Background and Aims: The aim of the project was to conduct a systematic review of the literature exploring the transition to first-time parenthood for same gender couples. This included papers concentrating on both gay and lesbian couples. We will discuss the aspects of this transition relevant to fathers. Method: Cochrane systematic review protocol was followed. Thematic analysis was undertaken in order to elucidate common themes across papers included in the review. Through this ongoing analysis, themes relevant to fathers’ experiences have been highlighted. Results: Fathers discussed considerations of the process of starting a family and were required to navigate heteronormative assumptions about familial make up, as well as homophobic responses from healthcare and other relevant professionals. Further, it was evident from many fathers’ accounts of their transition to first-time parenthood that the lack of acceptance of children and entrance into parenthood within the gay community affected their friendships with other gay couples. Finally, there were numerous issues which arose in relation to responses of family members who had not been accepting of their sexuality, and often explicitly questioned the ability of two men to raise children. However, in some cases a new grandchild mended fences with family members, and for other couples, family and friends were great sources of support. Conclusion and Implications: Overall, the analysis so far provides a picture of continued resistance to men in same gender couples becoming fathers and raising children. However, there also appears to be increasing acceptance of and support for their transition to first time parenthood, and same gender father couples undertaking this transition recognise their position in challenging normalised fathering roles.
Cocreating practice relevant knowledge and social interventions with young fathers and professionals: case studies from the UK
Anna Tarrant, Laura Way, Linzi Ladlow, University of Lincoln
This presentation describes two innovative case studies from research in the UK that are advancing the cocreation and promotion of practice relevant knowledge for professionals engaged with families and young fathers. Both case studies have been employed as part of an innovative UK Research and Innovation funded study called ‘Following Young Fathers Further’ (FYFF). FYFF (2020-24) is a multi-strand, qualitative longitudinal and participatory research study whose main aim is to promote father-inclusion in services among young fathers (aged 25 and under). This is being achieved via an iterative approach to practice-informed research and research-based practice (Neale, 2021). The first case study, the Grimsby Dads Collective, involves the implementation of an evidence-based model for promoting gender transformative practice. Based on the Young Dads Collective model (Tarrant and Neale, 2017), this work directly addresses the marginalisation of young fathers in support contexts, by working directly with them and the professionals who support them, to implement a practice and policy environment that recognises the importance of men’s family participation both for (young) fathers, mothers, children, and society as a whole. Young fathers are uniquely trained as ‘experts by experience’ to inform the knowledge of professionals who, in turn, are galvanised to affect wider systems change in policy and practice. The second, ‘Diverse Dads’ sought to identify and address gaps in service provision for young minoritised dads in the North East of England, and to promote cross-sector conversations concerning inclusive support for young dads from diverse communities. With support provided remotely by the FYFF team, peer research was undertaken by three young men from the North East Young Dads and Lads Project (NEYDL) and with input from advisors from national UK support organisations that champion inclusivity for young fathers and minoritised communities. This work involved the cocreation of a set of training videos developed to inform professional practice that were promoted at a learning and sharing webinar that explored inclusive approaches to practice. Following a more detailed overview of the methods and approaches to these two case studies, the presentation concludes with recommendations for policy and practice and reflects on the value of creative collaboration and cocreation with multiply marginalised young fathers for developing approaches that are informed by, and therefore responsive to, the needs of diverse fathers.
pOSTER PRESENTATIONS
Chinese Fathers as Perinatal Supports
Jennifer Goth, University of Technology, Sydney, The Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick
Overseas-born Chinese women can find it difficult to access support in the perinatal period. In this period expectant fathers are often primary support people. This small qualitative study described Chinese fathers’ experiences of providing perinatal support. It revealed the underlying gender and cultural identities that are present in the transition to fatherhood. Ten overseas-born Chinese fathers were interviewed. From pregnancy to the postpartum period these fathers were primary supports who undertook different roles to meet their partner’s evolving needs. Most couples chose a Chinese private obstetrician, as cultural understanding was important. The obstetrician guided fathers in how to support in pregnancy and influenced antenatal decision-making and birth mode. As birth supports, fathers resorted to masculine constructs, such as being ‘strong’ for their partners, which affected the ability to process their mixed emotions and fatherhood identity transitions. The postpartum support role was influenced by traditional Chinese postpartum practice and accompanying familial expectations. As Covid-19 barred overseas families from visiting, the responsibility of postpartum care provision fell solely on fathers. In the postpartum, fathers took a greater share in domestic work and in child-rearing, thrusting them into roles that were never previously modelled. They were pleased to care for their family, providing unseen opportunities to bond with their newborn and strengthen the family unit. However, traditional masculine conditioning created tensions as they carried out customarily ‘feminine’ carers roles. Fathers curated their unique fatherhood beginnings through conflicting gender identities and cultural and social pressures. Fathers demonstrated adaptability and resilience in their shifting identity yet still required support and role modelling during this time.
Non-resident fathers and desire: What relationship do non-resident fathers desire to have with their children and what factors, influences and experiences help/hinder the realisation of this desire?
Dominic Violi, Western Sydney University; Cannas Kwok, Western Sydney University; Peter Lewis, Western Sydney University; Nathan J. Wilson, Western Sydney University
Abstract. Non-resident fathers are more likely to experience multiple forms of family types simultaneously than any other sociodemographic group. While there is much written based on the many aspects involving non-resident fathers by academics, the Family Court, the Child Support Agency, the media and women’s and welfare groups, the voice of non-resident fathers themselves is rarely heard. This serves to marginalise, disempower and silence non-resident fathers. Much of the writing on non-resident fathers is often from an ideological perspective, which overlooks the voice and experience of all non-resident fathers. It is timely that qualitative research is undertaken to investigate, document and explore non-resident father’s voices from their own perspective and to hear their voice firsthand so that what they have to say of themselves is the direct focus. This current study focusses on non-resident fathers, exploring and documenting what helps or hinders their relationship and engagement with their children. Preliminary findings from individual interviews with non-resident fathers will be presented to give some initial insights into their experiences, that is, qualitative insights that gives them a voice. Better understanding of the dynamics which impact on and influence non-resident fathers, means actions can be identified and undertaken to better their situation. In turn, this would mean better outcomes for non-resident fathers, children, former spouses and the wider community as a whole.
PRESENTATION SESSION 3 - TRANSITION TO FATHERHOOD
ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Men’s parenthood aspirations and understanding of factors that affect the chance of achieving them
Karin Hammarberg, Victorian Assisted Reproductive Treatment Authority and Monash University; Rene de Silva Victorian Assisted Reductive Treatment Authority
Background & Aims. Most men want and expect to have children at some point. The aim was to assess men’s parenthood aspirations, knowledge about the factors that affect fertility, health behaviours, and attitudes towards being asked about pregnancy plans. Method A representative sample of people of reproductive age in Australia were recruited in 2019 and asked to complete a telephone interview or an online survey about their fertility-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviours. Results. Of the 716 respondents, 45% were male (n=320). The preferred number of children was 1 or 2 for 54% of men and for 29% it was 3 or more. On a scale of 1 to 10 men rated their confidence in their knowledge about how age, smoking, and being overweight affect fertility as 7.6, 7.3, and 6.4 respectively. More than one third believed that female fertility starts to decline after age 40 and that male fertility starts to decline after age 50. Almost half (47%) rated themselves as overweight or obese, 28% only exercised monthly or less frequently, 17% were daily smokers, 13% had three or more drinks on most days, and 14% used recreational drugs at least monthly. Men were more likely than women to be uncomfortable talking to their healthcare provider about sexual and reproductive health matters (30% versus19%), but most (75%) stated that they would not mind or would appreciate if their healthcare provider asked them about their and their partner’s pregnancy plans. Conclusion and Implications. Lack of knowledge about the factors that influence fertility and negative health behaviours may reduce men’s chance of achieving their parenthood goals. Primary healthcare providers routinely asking men of reproductive age about their pregnancy plans offers the opportunity to promote fertility health and discuss what men can do to realizing their fatherhood goals.
Fathers’ help seeking behaviour and attitudes during their transition to parenthood
Amin Ghaleiha, University of Waikato; Dr Carrie Barber, Dr Amy Bird and Dr Armon J Tamatea
Background & Aims. New fathers face multiple changes as they take on this complex, demanding, and continually shifting role. The current study aimed to understand these experiences, especially the ways fathers seek help and information while facing stressful situations. Method. Eleven fathers completed a semi-structured interview about their transition to fatherhood and whether and how they sought help and advice through that process. Results. Results were analysed using an inductive thematic analysis approach. Fathers viewed themselves as supportive figures and sources of financial and emotional stability for their family. Fathers experienced anxiety and uncertainty in their transition to parenthood and utilised a variety of ways to cope with their stress; these were categorised into individual and interpersonal coping strategies. Most relied on their partner for emotional support, but some felt uncomfortable relying on her and using her for support while she was coping with pregnancy and new parenting. Conclusion & Implications. This study found that fathers tended to see themselves in a rather traditional role of provider and supporter of their partners and children, and this created some stresses for work-life balance, and, for some, created a dilemma where they felt unable to seek emotional support from the person—their partner—on whom they would typically rely. These findings have important implications for fathers’ wellbeing and providing support programs for new fathers.
“Dad taught me what I want for my children’s father”: The changing roles and impact of fathers in Australia
Amy L. Hofmeier, University of Wollongong; Annaleise S. Mitchell, University of Wollongong; Jane S. Herbert, University of Wollongong; Judy A. Pickard, University of Wollongong
Background & Aims: Fathers are increasingly involved in their children’s lives. However, compared to the mother-child relationship, the contribution that fathers make to children’s social emotional development has received little attention. This study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the role of fathers within the family system and to examine the ways in which paternal influence transmits across generations. Method: A community sample of 31 adults aged 19 to 58 years (M = 30.68, SD = 12.08, 58% female) participated in an online survey and a semi-structured interview about their childhood experiences of being parented and their beliefs regarding the role and impact of the father in the family. Participants came from a range of family compositions (intact 55%, separated 23%, absent parent 13%). Interview duration ranged from 26 to 91 minutes. Results: Thematic analyses of the interviews’ revealed fathers were perceived to have multiple roles within the family context: teacher, playmate, male role model, protector, disciplinarian, supporter, and advice giver. Greater role flexibility was identified within the experiences of younger participants. Another prominent theme was of “pendulum parenting”, with many participants identifying paternal behaviours that they had not liked and wished to avoid themselves in their current or future parental roles, or behaviours they wished had been present, which they sought to create within their own current or future parenting roles. Conclusions and Implications: Our findings document the changing roles of fathers in Australia in the twenty-first century. Notably there was a shift in terminology used by younger adults from the “role of a mother” and “the role of a father” to the ‘role of a parent’. Our findings also underscore how positive and negative parenting experiences transmits across the generations and therefore have the potential to inform interventions promoting healthy and supportive father-child relationships.
A father’s influence on his children begins before conception: we should prepare Australian boys and men accordingly
Tim Moss, Veronica Collins, Alison Coughlan, Alison Peipers, Simon von Saldern, Healthy Male
Background & Aims. A father’s health prior to conception can influence maternal health, pregnancy outcomes and the health and wellbeing of his offspring. Responsibility for reproduction is disproportionately borne by females, despite males’ obvious influence over couples’ reproductive decisions and outcomes. Females also bear most of the treatment burden for a couple’s infertility, even if it is due to a male factor. Fathers feel marginalised or excluded from perinatal healthcare because of its focus on mothers and babies. We aimed to synthesise evidence relating to men’s preconception care, targeted at identifying and mitigating biomedical, behavioural and social risks to health and reproduction. Method. As part of Healthy Male’s ‘Plus Paternal – A focus on fathers’ project, we reviewed existing knowledge about men’s understanding of, and attitudes to, reproduction and preconception care; the benefits of paternal inclusion; and potential strategies to improve fathers’ engagement prior to conception. Results. Better inclusion of fathers in perinatal care offers the prospect not only of improving men’s health but also of healthier pregnancies, mothers, children and families. Preconception care is rarely provided to males. Aspiring fathers and health professionals have low awareness of preconception care, and of paternal influences on pregnancy outcomes and maternal and child health. Policies and guidelines to facilitate preconception care for men are lacking, owing to limited information about the influence of fathers’ health, and interventions to improve it. Conclusion & Implications. High quality evidence relating to the provision of preconception care for men is lacking; however, pragmatic changes to policy and practice are warranted. These should be implemented in ways that allow evaluation of their acceptability and effectiveness.
poster presentations
Experiences of pregnancy and birth for non-birthing partners during COVID-19: Fathers perspectives
Emma-Louise Keech, Monash University; Dr Levita D'Souza, Monash University; Dr Ashlee Borgvist, University of South Australia
Background and Aims. Pregnancy and childbirth offer exceptional bonding experiences for the parent-child relationship. Research indicates this begins early in the pregnancy experience for both the birthing and non-birthing parent (Trombetta et al., 2021). Parental engagement during this period leads to better child outcomes and positive parent-to-infant attachment (Redshaw and Henderson, 2013). The inability to form these connections may have adverse lasting effects. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many states in Australia introduced lockdowns that restricted fathers and non-birthing partners attendance at prenatal appointments including birth. The perceived impact of these restrictions on the parent-infant bond, and relationship with the birthing mother remains unclear. The aim is to explore the retrospective experiences of fathers and non-birthing parents during this period and how it has shaped their perceived bonding with their child. Method. Data will be collected from approximately 8-10 participants around Australia through qualitative, semi-structured interviews via Zoom. Participant inclusion criteria will comprise of fathers and non-birthing parents whose partner has been pregnant and has given birth after March 2020. Their retrospective pregnancy and childbirth experiences will be explored up to 18 months after the birth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thematic analysis will determine recurring themes across participants. Results. Data is currently being collected and preliminary findings relating to the father’s and non-birthing parent’s experience will be presented at the conference. Conclusion and Implications. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are still unknown in many ways. It is hoped that this study will provide insight into the non-birthing parent’s experiences of imposed restrictions and impacts on perceived bonding with their baby and partner. This result would highlight father’s and non-birthing partner’s mental health needs in the postnatal period, and potentially provide recommendations for practice for counsellors, psychologists and other professionals providing postnatal care.
Screams, tears and a bundle of joy- but no cigar! The fathers and childbirth study
A Kothari, A Khuu, Bruxner, J Dulhunty ,L Callaway
Background: Fathers have come a long way from ‘smoke-filled waiting rooms, anxiously pacing up and down the corridors to the evolution of involved fatherhood’. Consistent with the theme of this conference we wished to explore the psychological reasoning of men behind their decision to attend or not attend the birth. Similarly, we aimed to explore the disparities in support and care for fathers during this time. Aim: This study aims to understand which factors influence fathers’ intention to attend, or not attend, the birth of their child, and to better understand the needs of fathers during the process of childbirth. Methods: Cross-sectional study of prospective fathers using a novel questionnaire survey. Findings: Approximately 99% of fathers intend to be present at birth as they feel a sense of duty and responsibility. Notably, 14% of fathers want better mental health support, 12% are keen for more information regarding childbirth and 15% would like a plan for future visits. Most fathers who had a concern about mental health support also had the similar concern in previous pregnancies. Conclusions: Despite the almost unanimous presence of fathers at childbirth, there is a lack of provision of supports for fathers during their partner’s pregnancy.
Investigating the first year of parenthood and its impact on a father’s type 1 diabetes management, emotional wellbeing, and father-child relationship : a scoping review and phenomenological study.
Belinda Moore, The University of Melbourne and Trisha Dunning, Diabetes Victoria
Background: Research has informed that psychosocial stress has been proposed to trigger the development of type 1 diabetes. Stressful life events in childhood can triple the risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Psychological stress seems to be involved in the progression of diabetes-related autoimmunity. Although the ENDIA Study is assessing maternal psychological stress in pregnancy and the first 3 months of motherhood for women with type 1 diabetes, there has been no assessment of paternal psychological stress in fathers with type 1 diabetes. Aims: The main research question for this study is aiming to understand how the first year of parenthood impacts fathers with type 1 diabetes. Methods: In this scoping review, 231 papers were found. However, only 4 papers met the eligibility criteria. Research on this topic is very scarce. There is more literature about mothers with type 1 diabetes and fathers with children who have type 1 diabetes. This scoping review has led to a phenomenological study involving Australian fathers with type 1 diabetes. This study will utilise a phenomenological thematic analysis using focus groups to gather retrospective data from fathers with type 1 diabetes during their first year of parenting a child. Conclusion: There is not enough evidence that examines psychological stress, significant life events, parental stress, and early family stress experiences of fathers with type 1 diabetes. This scoping review and subsequent phenomenological study aims to provide an evidence-based rationale for maternity and diabetes stakeholders to develop and implement services for adult males with type 1 diabetes who are planning pregnancies and raising toddlers so paternal and child health and wellbeing is optimised.
Crossing the Threshold Safely - Preparing First Time Fathers
Steven Kennedy, PREPARE Foundation
Background. Since the 1970’s the percentage of fathers attending birth has risen to 95% (pre Covid 19). This cultural evolution in maternity care was driven by mothers when birth moved from the home into hospitals. Mothers assumed their male partners would be able to take the place of the familiar and trusted sisters/mother/aunts that would usually be on hand to provide support. However, even although fathers tried to be as supportive as possible, there was a fundamental limitation in the level of support they (first time fathers) were able to provide. This fundamental limitation still exists. For first time fathers birth is still a mystery and, for the most part, it is feared rather than understood and revered. Description. This cultural evolution in maternity care has not followed the common pathway of most cultural evolutions where “ideas and behaviours are learned and transmitted between individuals over time”. Generally speaking men do not talk about birth or birth support. They do not discuss ideas, pass on knowledge or share what they have learned. The role of fathers in maternity care remains undecided and undefined which means communicating about it is awkward and uncomfortable. Primiparous fathers are not provided with the requisite guidance and knowledge from peers or role models on what to expect. Therefore, they do not realise how unprepared for childbirth they are until they are experiencing it. This has a negative effect on perinatal outcomes for the whole family. Impact. This presentation will introduce the PREPARE Foundation and discuss strategies to ensure future generations of first time fathers are well prepared for the birth of their children.
Evidence Informed Text Messaging in the Transition to Parenthood – SMS4dads
Dr Chris May, University of Newcastle, Associate Professor Richard Fletcher, University of Newcastle
The development of messaging in SMS4dads has been founded in a fusion of experience, knowledge and intuition in a process supported by broad ranging consultation. This process resulted in the development of more than 250 individual messages addressing issues likely to be happening when messages, timed to the baby’s expected or actual date of birth, arrive. Messages have been designed to align with 3 key factors in the transition to parenthood; attachment, co-parenting and self-care. Many of the messages impart knowledge, facilitate contemplation or encourage action which are described as key factors in the “nudge” theory of behaviour change. Informed by this experience SMS4dads is developing a more structured approach in an ongoing review of the corpus and in the development of messages to; (1) support dads whose partners have experienced miscarriage, stillbirth or other perinatal infant death (2) help dads to care for and co-parent with a partner experiencing depression or distress (3) address the needs of rural dads and. (4) meet the needs of indigenous fathers. Key features of this approach are (1) the development a messaging matrix to support a wider group of staff as they work to draft new messages (2) an expanded co-design process and, (3) specific links to evidence that support the content of the messages. Detailed description of these processes are increasing the transparency of the message development in SMS4dads while also providing a structured framework that can be used to support the work of staff consulting to and working in the project.
Dads at Mealtimes: Exploring fathers' food parenting, feeding roles and experiences in tough times
Jeffrey So, Queensland University of Technology
Background & Aims: Parental feeding practices play a critical role in shaping children’s eating behaviours, nutritional intake, and growth. Responsive feeding involves reciprocal attentive feeding practices between the caregiver and the child that recognises and responds to children’s hunger and satiety cues. This is postulated to encourage self-regulation in eating, and support child emotional and psychosocial development. Research into feeding practices to date has largely focused on mothers, little is known about fathers’ roles and perspectives in feeding particularly in the context of disadvantage in Australia. Two circumstances may have particular significance for families living with disadvantage – food insecurity and household chaos. Food insecurity is defined as the limited financial, physical, and social access to food of sufficient quality and quantity for a healthy and active life. Household chaos is characterised by disorganisation and instability in the family environment. These factors may influence fathers’ feeding behaviours and their roles in feeding. The aim of the Dads at Mealtimes project is to explore feeding practices in fathers with young children in disadvantaged households. Method: This cross-sectional study will be completed in three phases. an online survey will be distributed to Australian fathers to explore the relationships between food insecurity, household and work chaos, and feeding practices (Phase 1). A subsample of fathers will participate in qualitative interviews to explore their roles, interactions, facilitators and barriers in feeding (Phase 2). These results will collectively inform co-design workshops with fathers focusing on engagement strategies to promote fathers’ participation in child feeding studies. (Phase 3). Implications: Findings from this project will inform the development of early child feeding interventions and programs through acknowledging the lived experience of fathers. Fathers can be better supported to adopt responsive feeding practices that promote healthy eating behaviours and growth among children.
PRESENTATION SESSION 4 - ENGAGING FATHERS IN HEALTH SERVICES
ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Expectant and new fathers' health literacy and engagement in maternity and early infant services
Karen Wynter, Deakin University – Western Health Partnership; Jacqui Macdonald, Deakin University; Vanessa Watkins, Deakin University; Shane Kavanagh, Deakin University; Sarah Hosking, Deakin University; Bodil Rasmussen, Deakin University – Western Health Partnership; Helle Terkildsen Maindal, Aarhus University
Background and Aims: Fathers’ participation in antenatal and postnatal (perinatal) health services is widely recommended, yet rarely achieved at desired levels. One barrier may be health services’ poor understanding of fathers’ health literacy. This study aimed to investigate (a) health literacy strengths and barriers, and (b) associations between health literacy and health service engagement, among expectant and new fathers, to inform the development of more father-inclusive health services. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Expectant and new fathers (infants born since 2020) were recruited in August 2021 through Prolific, an international paid online survey platform. The survey included the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) which encompasses nine conceptually distinct dimensions of health literacy, and questions about fathers’ attendance of, and active participation in, perinatal health visits. Results: Surveys were completed by 889 men (46.8% with pregnant partners, 53.2% with infants up to 18mnths). Respondents resided in the USA (30.9%), UK (27%), South Africa (17.5%) and other countries (24.7%). Highest HLQ scores among respondents were in Scale 9: ‘Understanding health information enough to know what to do’ (Mean 4.13, scale range 1-5) and Scale 8 ‘Ability to find good health information’ (Mean 4.05, scale range 1-5). Lowest HLQ scores were seen for Scale 3 ‘Actively managing my health’ (Mean 2.94, scale range 1-4), and Scale 1: ‘Feeling understood and supported by health care providers’ (Mean 2.96, scale range 1-4). Most fathers (81.8%) reported attending at least half of health visits with their partners/infants; regular attendance was significantly associated (p<0.01) with higher scores on seven of the 9 HLQ subscales. Conclusion and Implications: Expectant and new fathers report good basic, functional health literacy skills but face barriers to engaging actively in their healthcare. Health services should consider ways to improve their support for fathers. These data can inform tailored health information and engagement strategies for fathers, with potential long-term benefits for fathers, partners and infants.
Engagement in health services among expectant and new fathers: Qualitative findings from a cross sectional study
Vanessa Watkins, Deakin University; Dr Karen Wynter, Deakin University; Dr Shane Kavanagh, Deakin University; Dr Sarah Hosking, Deakin University; Dr Jacqui MacDonald, Deakin University
Background & Aims: Although the continuum of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium is commonly considered a feminine event, the role of fatherhood and fathers’ participation in this context is in transformation. Studies suggest that engagement of fathers in family health services may confer benefits for both the father and the whole family. However, fathers commonly feel excluded from family health, and attempts made to implement father engagement strategies in these services have had limited success. The aim of this aspect of the study was to explore perceptions and experiences of healthcare engagement in the pregnancy and postnatal context. Methods: Expectant and new fathers were recruited through Prolific, an international paid online survey platform. The survey included free text questions to explore fathers’ attendance, participation and experience of health care during appointments with their pregnant partner and/or baby. Results: The survey was completed by a culturally diverse population (n=889), 46.8% of whose partners were pregnant and 53.2% had given birth since 2020. Experiences were reported from a range of contexts and models of care across the 28 countries represented in the sample. Although most fathers wanted to attend and participate in maternity and early parenting-related healthcare, multiple barriers were identified at the individual provider, contextual and organisational levels. Fathers reported negative social factors such as gender bias and restrictive gender norms as barriers to their healthcare engagement. In contrast, fathers’ experiences of confidence in the woman’s autonomy and decision-making skills, trusted professional relationships with clinicians, and good clinician interpersonal skills enabled transcendence from some of the barriers experienced. Conclusion &/or Implications: Internationally, social, contextual and organisational barriers currently restrict the participation of fathers in healthcare for childbearing and early parenting. Knowledge of these barriers can inform healthcare redesign to include more successful engagement strategies for fathers, to benefit fathers, partners and infants.
Engaging fathers in maternal and newborn health: insights and advice from a global review of men’s, women’s and health providers’ perspectives
Liz Comrie-Thomson (a,b,c,d), Prerna Gopal (a,e), Katherine Eddy (a), Adama Baguiya (f), Nina Gerlach (g), Caroline Sauvé (h), Anayda Portela (g) (a) Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health Program, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia (b) School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia (c) Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 3K3, 9000 Gent, Belgium (d) Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia (e) The Antara Foundation, 26 Sultanpur Estate, Mandi Road, Mehrauli, New Delhi 110030, India (f) Kaya Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Research Institute of Health Sciences, 03 BP 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso (g) Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (h) Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, 1051 Rue Sanguinet, Montréal, QC, H2X 3E4, Canada
Background and aims: There is growing recognition within health services and civil society of the role of men in maternal and newborn health (MNH), and increasing investment in interventions designed to leverage men’s engagement in MNH in order to improve health outcomes for women and newborns. We aimed to synthesise how women, men, and health providers perceive and experience interventions designed to influence men’s engagement in MNH, in order to identify perceived benefits and risks of these interventions, and other key factors affecting uptake of and adherence to interventions. Method: We conducted a qualitative evidence synthesis based on a systematic search of the literature, analysing a purposive sample of 66 out of 144 included studies to enable rich synthesis of diverse studies. Results: Women, men and providers report that interventions can assist women, newborns and men to access more care, and better-quality care, during pregnancy, childbirth and after birth. These interventions can also improve the quality of couple or coparent relationships and strengthen the father-newborn bond. At the same time, stakeholders report that poorly designed or implemented interventions carry risks of harm, including constraining some women’s access to MNH services, compounding the negative impacts of existing gender inequalities, and disrupting mothers’ caregiving. Conclusion and implications: Overall, perceived benefits of interventions designed to influence men’s engagement in MNH are compelling, and reported risks of harm are likely to be manageable through careful implementation. Based on review findings, we identify practical suggestions for intervention design and implementation to maximise potential benefits and reduce risks of harm.
Translating Research in Hospitals, Communities and the Digital Space
Thomas Docking, Adam Tardif, Debbie Spink, Tom Fagernes; Dads Group Ltd
Background/Aims: -Translating research (father inclusive practice, DV prevention, Suicide prevention, Childhood development outcomes) -Integrating fatherhood programs (Hospital Community Digital) -Collaborating with multiple delivery partners (SMS4Dads, PANDA) -Evaluating effectiveness (the fatherhood experience) USC Evaluation. Description: In this presentation we will present some of the key learnings and program evaluation outcomes of six large integrated father inclusive programs. We will share the six major hospital programs, community programs and Digital Programs and discuss perspectives on scaling the impact. Importantly we will highlight how we can work together to achieve deeper and broader impact to the fathers and families we are seeking to support. Method: Deliver interconnected support programs that span the early fatherhood journey from pre birth, hospital antenatal to post birth community settings. Integrate best practice support onramps to programs such as SMS4Dads and support like PANDA. Results: Survey results demonstrate that participants and program delivery leads as well as health practitioners see the short and long term benefits of meaningfully engaging fathers. The project highlighted the need to address the support gap for fathers as well as the systemic gap between pre natal support (Dept Health) and Post birth community support (Department of Communities/Social Services) Conclusion and implications Program executives and funding bodies are seeking ways to continue and expand the programs.
PRESENTATION SESSION 5 - FATHER INCLUSIVE PRACTICE
ORAL PRESENTATIONS
A rapid systematic review of father-inclusive practices and interventions in antenatal and community child health settings
Rebecca Giallo, Alison Fogarty, Grace McMahon, Priscilla Savopoulos, Madison Schulz, & Casey Hosking
Background & Aims. The need to actively engage fathers, partners and non-birthing parents in antenatal and community child health settings has been recognised in Australia and internationally. The extent and the ways in which fathers are engaged by health professionals and services varies markedly. The NSW Ministry of Health commissioned an Evidence Check to identify and summarise the evidence for father-inclusive practices and interventions delivered in antenatal, birthing and community child health settings. Although the interest of the Ministry extended to inclusive practice with all partners and co-parents, research into the engagement of non-birthing parents, partners and caregivers that do not identify with the role of fathers was found to be limited. This Evidence Check therefore focuses on fathers but notes where research referring to the engagement of a broader range of caregivers was identified. Method. A systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature and a grey literature search were conducted for evaluation studies published between January 2011 and September 2021. Results. Thirty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Father-inclusive interventions were summarised into four broad categories: (a) co-parenting interventions, (b) father-specific intervention components embedded into standard care for mothers, (c) father-focused interventions, and (d) professional development for health professionals in father-inclusive practices. Of the 36 papers, 15 (41.7%) used a randomised controlled design, and only 4 studies assessed father engagement in health care settings as an outcome. Other outcomes assessed included father mental health, co-parenting behaviour, and breastfeeding initiation and length. The findings were mixed, likely due to the variation in intervention types, study methods used, and quality of the research designs. The level of evidence was strongest for co-parenting interventions, father-specific components embedded into routine health care provided to women and children, and father-focused interventions. Conclusion and/or Implications. This review highlighted significant gaps in the evidence base for father-inclusive practices and interventions. There is a clear need for effective: a) frameworks, tools and resources to build the capacity of health services to implement father-inclusive practices, and (b) education, training and professional development for health professionals. Shifting health services toward more father-inclusive practice is critical to promoting health outcomes for fathers, children and their families.
Exploring workplace barriers and supports of fathers’ work-family balance: Interviews with Australian dads
Dr Stacey Hokke, La Trobe University; Ms Jasmine Love, La Trobe University; Dr Shannon Bennetts, La Trobe University; Dr Sharinne Crawford, La Trobe University; Dr Liana Leach, The Australian National University; Associate Professor Amanda Cooklin, La Trobe University
Background & Aims: Despite fathers’ increased involvement in parenting and the introduction of ‘family-friendly’ policies, fathers’ employment patterns have been resistant to change. Few fathers access family-friendly work arrangements, even when policies are gender neutral (e.g. flexible work) or targeted (e.g. Dad and Partner Pay). There is little Australian research evidence to understand this conundrum. This qualitative study aims to explore the workplace cultures, norms, supports and policies that help or hinder fathers’ work-family balance and wellbeing, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 fathers of children aged 0-18 years, from across Australia and with diverse occupations and family types. Interviews were conducted between 2019-2021 and explored fathers’ perceptions and experiences of work-family balance. Inductive thematic analysis of the data is underway. Results: Findings provide insight into the varied ways workplaces have helped (or hindered) fathers’ work-family balance, the family-friendly workplace policies and practices fathers value, the impact of COVID-19 on work arrangements and work-family balance, and how fathers’ experiences at work relate to their wellbeing. Themes indicate that: work and care is a family decision; child ages and stages matter; finding balance is a journey that requires ongoing trade-offs; taking time to connect with children is important, yet fitting work hours around family needs is a constant challenge; fathers value supportive colleagues and managers, and co-workers who are parents; and policies alone are ineffective if unsupported by workplace culture. Conclusion & Implications: This study provides timely evidence about the contemporary national dilemma of enabling fathers to combine work and family. We offer critical insight into fathers’ experiences of work-family (im)balance and how organisations can facilitate fathers’ uptake of family-friendly policies, to provide fathers and mothers more equal opportunities to engage in work and care, and to inform the future of work following COVID-19.
Applying a Gender Equality Lens to Childbirth and Parenting Education (CBPE) – Training to upskill midwives with strategies to facilitate active engagement of fathers
Anita Thomas, Baby Makes 3 healthAbility & Rachael Dooley, Baby Makes 3 healthAbility
Background/Aims. Antenatal and maternity services have a crucial role supporting families during the transition to parenthood. The gendered expectations of parenting roles are reinforced in practice when fathers and other non-birthing parents are not equally and actively engaged. However, midwives report lack of training and confidence in addressing fathers’ and other non-birthing parents needs, and several social, cultural, and organisational factors can present barriers (1). Research suggests that training to upskill midwives with strategies will facilitate attendance and active engagement and build confidence (1). Description. CBPE Programs are a critical touch point in the maternity care journey. healthAbility’s Applying a Gender Equality Lens to Childbirth and Parenting Education training aims to build understanding of the impact of gendered social norms, increase awareness of gender bias, increase ability to change practice and influence organisational structures, ensuring these don’t reinforce rigid gendered expectations of being a parent. The training focuses on integrating gender equality principles and key messages through orientation to the toolkit, providing practical tools and strategies and ongoing support, coaching and reflective practice are being provided. Impact. 33 staff from 13 maternity services have participated in the training. The post training feedback demonstrates the commitment of antenatal and maternity services to strengthen gender equality through evolving practice and influencing organisational structures to support families to thrive. There was an increase in understanding and confidence across all of the training topics including an increased understanding of the relationship between rigid gendered expectations and gender equality and increased confidence in embedding gender equality principles and key messages in a CBPE program and using inclusive language. All respondents said that they will make changes to their CBPE program and 93% could identify changes that could be made within the broader service to disrupt the reinforcement of gendered parenting roles.
POSTER PRESENTATIONS
A multiple perspective exploration of health visitors’ family focused practice with mothers with mental illness and their families: perspectives from the partners.
Dr Rachel Leonard, Dr Mark Linden, Dr Anne Grant
Background. Mothers who have mental illness and their families have been recognised as prime targets for early intervention strategies, to prevent the intergenerational transmission of mental illness. In addition to adverse child outcomes, the burden of care which can be placed on partners and adult family members, can leave them at increased risk of emotional distress, stigma, financial burden, reduced lack of support networks and social exclusion. Family focused practice (FFP) is an approach that recognises the inter-related needs of family members, and the need to address and support the shared needs of the whole family. Aims. This paper presents the findings from partner’s data within the qualitative competent of a mixed methods study. The study aimed to explore partners’ experiences of FFP within health visiting services. Methods. Data from the qualitative component was initially analysed through thematic analysis of each group (i.e. health visitor, mother, partner), after which the three perspectives were synthesised. As stated this paper will present the findings from the partner’s data. Results. Thematic analysis of partner’s interview data suggested that health visitor’s family focused practice largely consisted of supporting the mother and child, with partners seen as secondary. Partners discussed their perceptions of mental illness relating to fear and stigma, the new stresses and strains on family life and their perceptions of the support they did and didn’t need. Partners did not see themselves as the primary focus of health visitors, nor did they believe that health visiting support would be beneficial Conclusions. The findings from this paper suggest that if health visitors want to improve engagement with partners there needs to be more understanding of what support would be suitable. Partners should be enabled to support the mother, through providing them with the skills and knowledge to do so.